calculator lcd screen manufacturer

One of the more interesting things about old calculators is how they displayed their numbers. As easy as it seems today, in the late 60s and early 70s it was quite hard to devise a display system for a calculator, especially a

with phosphors that glow when they are struck by the electron beam. An image is created by moving the electron beam back and forth across the back of the screen. The beam moves in a

pattern from left to right, top to bottom and then it repeats. Each time the beam makes a pass across the screen, it lights up phosphor dots on the inside of the glass tube, thereby illuminating

the active portions of the screen. The intensity of the beam is modulated thus causing the screen phosphors to glow with different intensities or to even not glow at all. The desired images to be

displayed are actually retraced between 30 to 70 times each second. This keeps the images continually refreshed in the glowing screen phosphors without a flicker being perceivable to the eye.

electromagnets, the electron beam can be deflected or bent to reach any location on the phosphor coated screen. A final stage of acceleration is achieved with the high voltage anode.

applied to the anode to pull the electrons towards the phosphor coated screen. Phosphors can be formulated to emit many colors though white and green are the most popular for monochrome

screens. Additional circuitry in the calculator can create numbers, letters, and other symbols by using the control grid to turn the electron beam on and off, while simultaneously using the

electromagnets to deflect the beam to the desired locations on the screen. Many early desktop calculators like the Friden EC-130 and the Hewlett Packard 9100A used CRTs.

assembly. Currently VCRs account for 30% of the VFD market and Audio/Video products account for another 30%. Many early series of calculators like the Commodore 412F, Brother 310, and the

have not seen ELDs used in calculators but they are used in some laptops, office machines and in the cockpit of the Spaceshuttle. They are also used to backlight LCD panels.

individual LEDs) were introduced around 1967 but were very expensive. Calculators used LEDs that were arranged to form either a seven-segment display or a dot-matrix display.

missing 5th column by slightly slanting the columns. LEDs require much more power than LCDs and are more expensive to manufacture. This is the simple reason for their demise from being used in calculators.

The Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) was first developed at RCA around 1971. LCDs are optically passive displays (they do not produce light). As a result, LCDs require all most no power to

operate. Many LCD calculators can operate from the power of a solar cell, others can operate for years from small button cell batteries. LCDs work from the ability of liquid crystals (LC) to rotate

polarized light relative to a pair of crossed polarizers laminated to the outside of the display. There are two main types of LCD displays used for calculators today: Twisted nematic (TN) and

A LCD consists of two plates of glass, sealed around the perimeter, with a layer of liquid crystal fluid between them. Transparent, conductive electrodes are deposited on the inner surfaces of the

The type of display used in a calculator depended on the technology available at the time, the cost of the display, the power consumption of the display if being used in a portable machine, and the legibility of the display.

The cold-cathode display tubes of an Anita 1011LSI calculator in use. Note also the small neon lamps used to indicate the decimal point (the third from the right is energised).

Cold-cathode display tubes were developed in the early 1950s and were used in the first electronic desktop calculator, the Anita Mk VII of 1961. Requiring high voltages and having a high power consumption they continued to be used into the early 1970s in AC powered calculators. Their use in battery powered calculators is rare; one example is the Anita 1011B LSI.

Above is a Burroughs "Panaplex" display in use in a Keystone 88 hand-held calculator of about 1974. The digits are larger than those of LED displays of the time.

for hand-held calculators that offers large characters in a small, inexpensive package should give light-emmitting-diode displays a run for their money. At least that"s what Burroughs Corp. hopes to do with the latest addition to its Panaplex II line, an eight-digit model with each digit measuring 0.2 inch—twice the size of the most popular LED display, says Burroughs" Electronic Components division.

In one test, Burroughs engineers purchased a small calculator and replaced its LED display with the new Panaplex unit. This reduced the calculator"s total power requirements for display and computation from 800 mw to 350 mw.

In most hand-held calculators made with metal-oxide-semiconductor circuits, no interface drivers are necessary. Even though the Panaplex II panels are 170-volt gas-discharge devices, their anodes can be driven with voltage swings and current that conventional MOS circuits can provide—sometimes even through passive components instead of transistors.

Above is another, less common, amber gas-discharge display showing the digits "12345678". This example is made by NEC (Nippon Electric Company) and is in a Sanyo ICC-809 hand-held calculator.

The cathode ray tube has been in use since the 1920s and was commonly used until recently in televisions, radar displays, and oscilloscopes. Its first use in a desktop calculator was in the Friden EC-130 (early 1964) and EC-132 (with square root).

Although CRTs can display several lines of a calculation they are bulky and have high power requirements, which restricted their use to a few AC powered desktop calculators of the mid to late 1960s.

On the right of the tube is the electron gun, where a heated filament produces a cloud of electrons. These are focused into a beam and accelerated towards the fluorescent display screen on the left by an anode with a high

Each digit makes use of 7 separate filaments arranged in the familiar pattern so that all numbers 0 to 9 can be displayed. Very few calculators used this type of display which can easily

problem in an AC-powered calculator), short operating life, and a slow response. They were only used in a handful of AC powered desk calculators in the late 1960s early 1970s.

In June 1967 the journal "Electronics" reported that Japanese calculator manufacturers were battling the high royalties that Burroughs Corporation was asking when they produced copies of

and the Ise Electronics Co. These individual "Digitron" tubes were used first in the Sharp Compet CS-16A calculator, launched at the end of 1967, and can also be seen in the Sharp QT-8D, Sharp EL-8 and other Sharp calculators manufactured around 1970. The early VFD tubes used in Sharp calculators produce very stylised digits as shown below:

Here the number "123.4567" is being displayed. Note that the calculator electronics do not implement leading-zero suppression and so the half-height zero is used to make the display more

might be present in the tubes of a calculator it was often left unused, which has little effect on the readability of the "4" and simplifies the electronics.

The Royal IC-130 desktop calculator is unusual since it has first-generation tubes with 10-segment digits. These extra segments are not used in this calculator to display digits, but could be used to display the "+" sign.

The next development, the second-generation, was to reduce costs and overall size of the display by squeezing all the digits into one long horizontal tube. These tubes were widely used in early hand-held calculators.

were very widely used in both desktop and hand-held calculators. However, from the mid-1970s VFDs started to be replaced in hand-held calculators by Liquid Crystal Displays (LCDs) which used much less power and so gave

VFDs continue to be used to this day in calculators, video recorders, Hi-Fi systems, and other equipment where the display glows. These displays are quite bright and their power/voltage requirements

The LED (Light Emitting Diode) display appeared commercially in the late 1960s. American Calculator Corp., of Dallas, announced the first use of LED displays in a calculator in late 1970. "Electronics" journal stated

Being based on semiconductor materials, the LED display is very compatible with calculator integrated circuits and has a moderately low power consumption.

The LED eventually lost out to the Liquid Crystal Display (LCD, see below) which has a much lower power consumption (it is passive and does not emit light) and has a larger size at little extra cost.

Liquid Crystal Displays (LCDs) were developed in the late 1960s and early 1970s. Thomson-CSF of France was one company involved in their development and demonstrated a calculator with a 16-digit LCD

The first successful use of LCD displays in calculators were in models made by Rockwell for Lloyds (Accumatic 100), Rapid Data (Rapidman 1208LC), and Sears in 1972. These use DSM (Dynamic Scattering Mode) LCDs where the liquid crystal is normally clear but turns opaque white when a voltage is

The true COS calculator has a circuit board which is made of a glass-like ceramic, as shown on the left, viewed from the rear of the calculator. The LCD display is formed directly

The main board is made of a glass ceramic with the DSM LCD formed under another sheet of glass. The glass circuit board is noteworthy in that there are no holes in it for mounting components; they are all surface-mounted. Conductors are printed on both sides of the circuit board and are covered with a white layer. Connections between the conductors on both side of the circuit board are made by the connector at lower right and the small conventional circuit board attached at lower left.

The use of the glass-like ceramic circuit board was a dead-end in the development of calculators and the COS technology was only used in a small number of Sharp calculator models of the mid-1970s. Subsequent models from Sharp with

LCD displays have conventional circuit boards, though the LCD display modules have a similar construction to the display section on the glass circuit boards.

LCDs have the great advantage of very low power consumption since they are passive displays, altering the reflection of ambient light rather than actively generating light. However, a DSM LCD does require a small current to

When LCDs were first introduced in calculators there was a lot of discussion about the stability of the early liquid crystal material. This may be justified since calculators with DSM LCDs often have defective displays, though

region appears black. Since the TN LCD is a field-effect device the current consumption is extremely small, which is highly desirable for a battery-powered calculator.

Calculators with early TN LCDs usually have a yellow filter in front to remove Ultra Violet (UV) rays from the ambient light which might damage the liquid crystal.

Second-generation LCD. An example of a TN LCD with black digits and a yellow background - the yellow is actually a filter in front of the display to absorb damaging Ultra Violet light and prolong

generation LCDs are used for the displays of modern hand-held calculators and in conjunction with modern integrated circuit techniques result in calculators running for years on one button cell or just on solar power.

During the late 1960s and 1970s there was much discussion about the best type of display for calculators, especially as new technologies were introduced and the resulting economies of scale led to price

However, around 1967 Japanese calculator manufacturers were in dispute with Burroughs Corp., the patent holders of the Nixie tube technology, over the amount of royalties to be paid for using the tubes[2]. Burroughs wanted a royalty of about 45 cents a tube, whereas the Japanese manufacturers wanted to pay no more than about 16 cents per tube. This

appearing miniature pocket calculators. Although expensive at first, the price of LEDs soon dropped as production quantities increased and competitors entered the market. Within a year or two of their introduction in

calculators in 1971 they were used extensively in hand-held calculators until the late 1970s when they were largely replaced by liquid crystal displays (LCDs).

the TN (Twisted Nematic) type. Then there was no stopping the LCD and by 1978/9 it dominated the hand-held calculator market and allowed credit card-sized calculators to be produced.

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Sharp had been the first to bring electronic calculators incorporating ICs or LSIs to the market but further miniaturization would only be possible if the display could be made smaller. The fluorescent elements, or LEDs (light emitting diodes), used in displays up to that time consumed a lot of electricity, so calculators had to be equipped with bulky batteries. Sharp set out to find a new display that would use less energy and take up less space. After examining the problem from every angle, it was finally decided to begin research into LCD (liquid crystal display) technology in 1970.

Though the superior characteristics of LCDs had already been recognized by researchers throughout the world, the technology was generally dismissed as impractical for commercial use due to the difficulty of selecting and combining the necessary materials. But through the unrelenting efforts of Sharp"s engineers, the company succeeded in 1973 in introducing a calculator with the world"s first practical LCD unit. The electronic calculator that incorporated this breakthrough, the EL-805, was a COS type unit in which the LCD, CMOS-LSI circuitry and wiring were all accommodated on a single glass panel.

The new unit was 1/12th as thick, 1/125th as heavy, used 1/250th as many individual components, cost 1/20th as much and consumed 1/9,000th as much power as Sharp"s first calculator model. Able to operate for 100 hours on a single AA-size battery, it was truly a landmark product and sold very well.

Since the launch of the EL-805, advances in LCD technology have continued. Today, the LCD is one of the most widely used electronic devices, finding applications in all sorts of fields from calculators and watches to audio-visual and data processing equipment and beyond. The LCD is now one of Sharp"s key products.

The same year, Sharp also introduced the EL-8010, an ultra-thin calculator only 9 mm thick, and the EL-8009, a compact folding calculator. A major technological advance was the successful development of a thin-film EL (electroluminescent) element.

Though the level of personal consumption remained flat, in 1975 Sharp introduced several distinctive new products. Among these were a radio-cassette player unit featuring a unique automatic song selector function, and an ultra-thin electronic calculator only 7 mm thick. This was also the year Sharp produced its 10 millionth electronic calculator. In addition, a color TV production plant was set up by SCA to coincide with the introduction of color television broadcasting in Australia.

The power consumption of computer or tv displays vary significantly based on the display technology used, manufacturer and build quality, the size of the screen, what the display is showing (static versus moving images), brightness of the screen and if power saving settings are activated.

Click calculate to find the energy consumption of a 22 inch LED-backlit LCD display using 30 Watts for 5 hours a day @ $0.10 per kWh. Check the table below and modify the calculator fields if needed to fit your display.

LED & LCD screens use the same TFT LCD (thin film transistor liquid crystal display) technology for displaying images on the screen, when a product mentions LED it is referring to the backlighting. Older LCD monitors used CCFL (cold cathode fluorescent) backlighting which is generally 20-30% less power efficient compared to LED-backlit LCD displays.

The issue in accurately calculating the energy consumption of your tv or computer display comes down to the build quality of the screen, energy saving features which are enabled and your usage patterns. The only method to accurately calculate the energy usage of a specific model is to use a special device known as an electricity usage monitor or a power meter. This device plugs into a power socket and then your device is plugged into it, electricity use can then be accurately monitored. If you are serious about precisely calculating your energy use, this product is inexpensive and will help you determine your exact electricity costs per each device.

In general we recommend LED displays because they offer the best power savings and are becoming more cheaper. Choose a display size which you are comfortable with and make sure to properly calibrate your display to reduce power use. Enable energy saving features, lower brightness and make sure the monitor goes into sleep mode after 5 or 10 minutes of inactivity. Some research studies also suggest that setting your system themes to a darker color may help reduce energy cost, as less energy is used to light the screen. Also keep in mind that most display will draw 0.1 to 3 watts of power even if they are turned off or in sleep mode, unplugging the screen if you are away for extended periods of time may also help.

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They are segment (as opposed to graphic) LCD displays (Liquid Crystal Display displays). There are two basic types, static and multiplexed. Static types have single common pin and the segment pins are driven with a 50% duty cycle square wave either in or out of phase depending on the segment state (in either state the average voltage is zero ideally, in practice mV). The static type is very low power and can be made quite stable with ambient temperature changes.

When there are too many segments for that to be practical, multiplexed displays are used that have two, three or more commons and a number of segment pins that is reduced to 1/2, 1/3 or less of the number of segments. This kind of display is driven with a complex waveform that keeps the average voltage of "off" segments at least somewhat below a threshold voltage, and the average voltage of "on" segments at least somewhat above. Since the threshold voltage of the material is invariably temperature-sensitive, a manual or automatic "contrast" control may be required for wide temperature applications such as automobile displays. Usually for multiplexed LCDs a driver