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In these videos, the SPI (GPIO) bus is referred to being the bottleneck. SPI based displays update over a serial data bus, transmitting one bit per clock cycle on the bus. A 320x240x16bpp display hence requires a SPI bus clock rate of 73.728MHz to achieve a full 60fps refresh frequency. Not many SPI LCD controllers can communicate this fast in practice, but are constrained to e.g. a 16-50MHz SPI bus clock speed, capping the maximum update rate significantly. Can we do anything about this?

The fbcp-ili9341 project started out as a display driver for the Adafruit 2.8" 320x240 TFT w/ Touch screen for Raspberry Pi display that utilizes the ILI9341 controller. On that display, fbcp-ili9341 can achieve a 60fps update rate, depending on the content that is being displayed. Check out these videos for examples of the driver in action:

The result is that the SPI bus can be kept close to 100% saturation, ~94-97% usual, to maximize the utilization rate of the bus, while only transmitting practically the minimum number of bytes needed to describe each new frame.

This driver does not utilize the notro/fbtft framebuffer driver, so that needs to be disabled if active. That is, if your /boot/config.txt file has lines that look something like dtoverlay=pitft28r, ..., dtoverlay=waveshare32b, ... or dtoverlay=flexfb, ..., those should be removed.

-DPIRATE_AUDIO_ST7789_HAT=ON: If specified, targets a Pirate Audio 240x240, 1.3inch IPS LCD display HAT for Raspberry Pi with ST7789 display controller

-DKEDEI_V63_MPI3501=ON: If specified, targets a KeDei 3.5 inch SPI TFTLCD 480*320 16bit/18bit version 6.3 2018/4/9 display with MPI3501 display controller.

-DGPIO_TFT_DATA_CONTROL=number: Specifies/overrides which GPIO pin to use for the Data/Control (DC) line on the 4-wire SPI communication. This pin number is specified in BCM pin numbers. If you have a 3-wire SPI display that does not have a Data/Control line, set this value to -1, i.e. -DGPIO_TFT_DATA_CONTROL=-1 to tell fbcp-ili9341 to target 3-wire ("9-bit") SPI communication.

-DGPIO_TFT_RESET_PIN=number: Specifies/overrides which GPIO pin to use for the display Reset line. This pin number is specified in BCM pin numbers. If omitted, it is assumed that the display does not have a Reset pin, and is always on.

-DGPIO_TFT_BACKLIGHT=number: Specifies/overrides which GPIO pin to use for the display backlight line. This pin number is specified in BCM pin numbers. If omitted, it is assumed that the display does not have a GPIO-controlled backlight pin, and is always on. If setting this, also see the #define BACKLIGHT_CONTROL option in config.h.

Here is a full example of what to type to build and run, if you have the Adafruit 2.8" 320x240 TFT w/ Touch screen for Raspberry Pi with ILI9341 controller:

These lines hint native applications about the default display mode, and let them render to the native resolution of the TFT display. This can however prevent the use of the HDMI connector, if the HDMI connected display does not support such a small resolution. As a compromise, if both HDMI and SPI displays want to be used at the same time, some other compatible resolution such as 640x480 can be used. See Raspberry Pi HDMI documentation for the available options to do this.

If the SPI display bus is able to run really really really fast (or you don"t care about frame rate, but just about low CPU usage), you can try enabling #define UPDATE_FRAMES_WITHOUT_DIFFING option in config.h to forgo the adaptive delta diffing option altogether. This will revert to naive full frame updates for absolutely minimum overall CPU usage.

If USE_GPU_VSYNC is disabled, then a busy spinning GPU frame snapshotting thread is used to drive the updates. This will produce smoother animation in content that does not maintain a fixed 60Hz rate. Especially in OpenTyrian, a game that renders at a fixed 36fps and has slowly scrolling scenery, the stuttering caused by USE_GPU_VSYNC is particularly visible. Running on Pi 3B without USE_GPU_VSYNC enabled produces visually smoother looking scrolling on an Adafruit 2.8" ILI9341 PiTFT set to update at 119Hz, compared to enabling USE_GPU_VSYNC on the same setup. Without USE_GPU_VSYNC, the dedicated frame polling loop thread "finds" the 36Hz update rate of the game, and then pushes pixels to the display at this exact rate. This works nicely since SPI displays disregard vsync - the result is that frames are pushed out to the SPI display immediately as they become available, instead of pulling them at a fixed 60Hz rate like HDMI does.

If fbcp-ili9341 does not support your display controller, you will have to write support for it. fbcp-ili9341 does not have a "generic SPI TFT driver routine" that might work across multiple devices, but needs specific code for each. If you have the spec sheet available, you can ask for advice, but please do not request to add support to a display controller "blind", that is not possible.

Perhaps. This is a more recent experimental feature that may not be as stable, and there are some limitations, but 3-wire ("9-bit") SPI display support is now available. If you have a 3-wire SPI display, i.e. one that does not have a Data/Control (DC) GPIO pin to connect, configure it via CMake with directive -DGPIO_TFT_DATA_CONTROL=-1 to tell fbcp-ili9341 that it should be driving the display with 3-wire protocol.

This suggests that the power line or the backlight line might not be properly connected. Or if the backlight connects to a GPIO pin on the Pi (and not a voltage pin), then it may be that the pin is not in correct state for the backlight to turn on. Most of the LCD TFT displays I have immediately light up their backlight when they receive power. The Tontec one has a backlight GPIO pin that boots up high but must be pulled low to activate the backlight. OLED displays on the other hand seem to stay all black even after they do get power, while waiting for their initialization to be performed, so for OLEDs it may be normal for nothing to show up on the screen immediately after boot.

If the backlight connects to a GPIO pin, you may need to define -DGPIO_TFT_BACKLIGHT= in CMake command line or config.h, and edit config.h to enable #define BACKLIGHT_CONTROL.

All the ILI9341 displays work nice and super fast at ~70-80MHz. My WaveShare 3.5" 320x480 ILI9486 display runs really slow compared to its pixel resolution, ~32MHz only. See fbcp-ili9341 ported to ILI9486 WaveShare 3.5" (B) SpotPear 320x480 SPI display for a video of this display in action. Adafruit"s 320x480 3.5" HX8357D PiTFTs is ~64% faster in comparison.

Your monitor accepts a composite video input. This is an older analog standard that was pretty ubiquitous on TVs, VCRs, and DVD players in the late 80"s and throughout the 90"s, and is probably not as common as it once was. I"m not sure composite video output was ever common on laptops or graphics cards.

But there are dongles that convert from any video standard to any other video standard these days. And there is such a thing as an HDMI to Composite converter. Just enter "HDMI to Composite (RCA) Converter" in your favorite search and you"ll see plenty of options. This is the first thing that came up in a search, but there"s no model number or anything and I can"t vouch for it. Just an example.

Why is composite low quality? Composite combines the color information and luminance (brightness or black-and-white) into a single signal, which has to be "extracted" by the other end. The color information distorts the luminance information, resulting in color fringes, colors that don"t look good next to each other on the same line, and high-resolution black and white stuff like text smearing into color. The Wikipedia article on composite artifact colors explains.

Many of the most visually interesting DIY electronics projects require a display of some sort, but connecting and driving a TFT LCD panel—or a bank of colorful LEDs—often requires a special interface board, or sometimes just a lot of complicated wiring. One easy alternative is to use a regular television for output, just like computers from the 80s used to do.

While you may no longer have a bulky CRT television lying around, you don"t need one. As a nod to the past, most modern television sets feature a composite input jack. This input, primarily intended for older retro consoles or VCRs, is perfectly suited for the task.

Modern displays are digital devices. Colors are timing information are transmitted as digital signals on individual wires, something that is known as a digital bus. While there are many ways to connect a modern digital display to a DIY project, almost all of them involve either a custom board or a bundle of wires. Some displays—for example, those that rely on the SPI bus—require a minimum of four wires, plus power. With other displays, it can get even worse! If you"re just trying to quickly hook up a display for a project, it can get messy!

For much of the early days of television, video was an analog medium. This meant that instead of transmitting pictures as a series of separate signals on a digital bus, older analog television sets relied on encoding the color and brightness of the picture on a single signal that was either transmitted wirelessly via radio or through a cable. The first was known as broadcast television, while the latter was known as composite video. The key, however, is that all the information is packed onto a single signal.

So, the decision is clear: if you want a super sharp image, digital is the way to go. But for many projects, composite output will give your project simplicity and perhaps a bit of vintage charm!

The first project uses the ESP8266, which is the predecessor of the ESP32; it also uses broadcast wireless video, rather than wired composite. But this was, to my knowledge, the very earliest hack that showed the potential of using an ESP digital microcontroller to interact with television sets. This is why we chose to kick off the list with CNLohr"s demonstration:

Despite being an impressive demo, using broadcast video limits the video quality significantly and the range is limited, so later projects tend to use two wires instead to connect to the yellow RCA composite input on a television or monitor.

To my knowledge, Bitluni was the first to demonstrate the use of composite video on the ESP32. In this impressive demonstration, he showed that the ESP32 could animate shaded, three-dimensional figures in real-time:

While CNLohr"s, Bitluni"s and Rossumer"s work was pioneering, it did not lend itself very well for use by others who wanted to generate video in their projects. Roger-random adapted some of Rossumer"s work into an easy-to-use library, ESP 8 BIT composite, which sports, among other things, the ability to show animated GIFs.

Another project which attempted to advance previous work was my ESP32 Composite Color Video library. As with Roger"s library, I took techniques from Rossumer"s work, but I used it to update Bitluni"s original demos, allowing those to work in color on both the NTSC and PAL video standards.

CRTs can be abundant if you have good places in your local community to look, but they are getting trickier to track down each passing year. And while nothing’s stopping you from using a modern LCD for retro gaming, you may want to track down a square-shaped LCD (mostly 4:3 aspect ratio) so your classic content seems a bit more “at home” — avoiding those black bars.

So whether you’re looking for a cheap 4:3 LCD to use with your MiSTER FPGA setup, have a classic personal computer, or just want something for watching “full screen” video content or a emulation box to run on, I’m hoping this guide is helpful in your shopping.

Granted LCDs, especially older models, aren’t ideal for retro gaming compared to CRTs. LCDs often down’t have as deep of black colors and there is input lag involved among some other issues.

However, LCDs are easier to move around and store and use less electricity. And even though there are many die-hard CRT fans out there, there are also many long-time retro fans that have been using the recommended monitors below for a while and been happy with their performance. I’ve even quoted and handful of enthusiasts to give you a good perspective on these recommendations. And don’t forget, eventually LCDs might be much easier to find and purchase remotely then the CRTs counterparts.

Early LCD monitors may show a lack of technical maturity, however, near some of the later ones that we are focusing on have some decent IPS technology with reasonable color and response times.

In the end, I thought this would be a fun, lighthearted look at some options for those that are interested. If you have any commentary on the matter, please share your thoughts and suggestions in the comments section below. Just be respectful — not looking for CRT vs LCD wars