lcd screen made from cows free sample

But what about those times when you just can’t avoid animal products? Just like the £5 notes, the new £10 released in the UK contains tallow, a fat derived from animals.

In order to create vaccines, cells are extracted from the tissues of animals. Thankfully, cells are often reproduced without using the animal after the initial sample is taken.

A fair few of us will know that the majority of commercial personal care products contain ingredients of animal origin. For example, lecithin, commonly used in shampoo, is derived from dairy. Having your hair treated with keratin? It can be derived from hooves, animal hair, horns, scales and other keratinised animal parts. Love red lipstick? The red colour is carmine, which is made from crushed red beetles. Sporting a metallic nail polish? The metallic sheen is guanine, from fish scales (yes, really). Use a fancy razor with a soft strip that glides smoothly on your skin? It"s been treated with glycerin, which can be either animal or vegetable in origin (do you know which one is used in your razor?). Fabric softener typically uses tallow, which is again produced from animal fat. Best thing to do here is shop for cruelty-free products.

But even if some of us are clued up to the use of animal products in cosmetics and hygiene products, it"s a whole other minefield with products that we use every day but don"t associate with animal by products. Did you know, for example, that plastic bags contain "slipping agents", made from animal fat, to reduce static? Or that your kids" crayons contain stearic acid, or processed beef fat. Or that stearic acid is also used in making the plastic that encases your computer? Or that glue contains isinglass made from fish bladders? Even more disturbingly, your rubber soled trainers contain stearic acid (from cows" stomachs) to keep them in shape longer, and the LCD screen of your TV contains animal cholesterol in the liquid crystals. Or that gelatin is used in metal processing to improve metal"s structure, such as cadmium in batteries.

Food for thought? Certainly. The trickiest part is that it can be very, very hard to shop for homewares – or do without some buys – that are clearly sign-posted as vegan-friendly or at least cruelty-free, although this will change rapidly we suspect. Tara Hall, spokesperson for Hillarys(opens in new tab) who compiled the data, comments, "Veganism is on the rise and so many restaurants and food retailers are expanding their range to appeal to a vegan audience. It is great to see the modifications people are making to their lifestyles for the sake of animals and the environment, but until further changes are made to the ingredients in household products, it will be hard for people to convert to a fully vegan lifestyle."

When people see cows roaming around a field, they usually think of farm animals that give us milk and may eventually end up on your plates, unless they’re vegans or vegetarians. Then they probably think, “What a beautiful animal.” The point is, people most commonly associate cows with food, but cow by-products are actually used in a wide variety of places. Over 34 million cows are killed each year in slaughterhouses, but only 51 percent of their bodies are used for food because consumers only eat select cuts of meat. But if we know one thing about the animal agriculture industry, it is that they are always looking for a way to turn a profit, so many of these “leftovers,” which include hooves, skin, bones, and glands that are used in other ways.

Prepare yourself: The places where unidentified cow parts crop up may surprise and shock you. They might make you worry that it’s impossible to avoid products made from cows, but never fear. After reading these facts, you will be prepared to make informed decisions like a cow-product-avoiding-superhero (okay, maybe the official name is up for debate), or at the very least a well-informed consumer.

Leather is used to make a variety of sports equipment. It’s estimated that 20 footballs can be made out of one cowhide; every year the National Football League manufactures around 700,000 footballs. That means around 35,000 cowhides are used annually just for this single sport. Keep in mind that leather is also used to make baseballs, baseball gloves, and basketballs. While you were likely aware that these sports require leather, you might be shocked to learn that cow intestines are utilized for “natural gut strings” in tennis racquets; it takes about four cows’ guts to make one racquet.

Keratin, a protein extracted from cow hooves, is used to create a specialized fire-extinguishing foam. This extra-strong protein helps to bind foam together to put out hotter, higher-intensity fires. Keratin fire extinguishing foam is commonly used in airports to stifle fires caused by jet fuel.

Processed white sugar is decolorized using a filter that is often created using bone char from cows, sometimes referred to as “natural charcoal.” Bone char effectively works to strip away any “impurities” from sugar and leave pure white crystals behind.

You’re probably familiar with the fact that gelatin is made from rendered cow bones and skin. This product is commonly found in Jello, marshmallows, and other gummy candies, but what you may not know is that gelatin can also be found in the film. This means both photography and movies are likely to require animal products unless you go digital! Hey, knowing this is a great excuse to go buy that new digital camera you’ve been dreaming about.

Car tires are made using stearic acid, a cow by-product, but that’s not where it ends. Many cars, of course, have leather seats, but they also use glue created from beef protein in car bodies, and hydraulic brake fluid is actually made from cow fat. Anyone up to walk to work tomorrow?

If you thought that industrialized animal agriculture was destructive enough, just consider the fact that glycerin, which is derived from cow fat, is used in dynamite.

Fats, fatty acids, and protein meals from cows are used in a wide variety of everyday household items, including in candles, cosmetics, crayons, perfume, mouthwash, toothpaste, shaving cream, soap and deodorants. Stearic acid derived from cow fat is the most common culprit in these items. An easy way to avoid these products is to look for a cruelty-free label that indicates the product is not made with any animal ingredients.

Most asphalt contains beef-based fat that acts as a binding agent. Yes, your car tires are derived from cow by-products and the roads you drive on are too. More than anything, these facts drive home (excuse the pun!) just how much we rely on cows and cow-based products in our society.

Paintbrushes that are labeled as “camel hair” brushes are not really made from camel at all (not that this would really make them any better). Actually, these brushes are composed of fine hairs from cow’s ears and tails.

While these different cow parts are used in a variety of different industries, they all stem from one: animal agriculture. As a society, we are incredibly reliant on cows to supply us with countless commodities, but at what cost? Cows are highly intelligent and emotional creatures who deserve to be regarded as worthy individuals on their own right. In addition to the inherent cruelty of this industry, it is also responsible for an enormous amount of environmental pollution. The United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) estimates that livestock production is responsible for 14.5 percent of global greenhouse gas emissions, while other organizations like the Worldwatch Institute have estimated it could be as much as 51 percent. Not to mention deforestation related to cattle grazing and growing feed for farmed animals is systematically destroying the world’s rainforests.

While it might be difficult to avoid these unwanted cow products, we can help to lower the demand for them and drive innovation for sustainable and cruelty-free alternatives by reducing our consumption of meat. All of these industries are supplied by the “leftovers” of the meat industry. If we lower the number of cows needed to produce meat, we could tangentially lower the number of cow-based by-products available on the market. Plus, from an environmental standpoint, you can cut your carbon footprint in half by leaving meat off your plate.

Reduce Your Fast Fashion Footprint:Take initiative by standing up against fast fashion pollution and supporting sustainable and circular brands likeTiny Rescuethat are raising awareness around important issues through recycled zero-waste clothing designed to be returned and remade over and over again.

Do What You Can:Reduce waste, plant trees, eat local, travel responsibly, reuse stuff, say no to single-use plastics, recycle, vote smart, switch to cold water laundry, divest from fossil fuels, save water, shop wisely, donate if you can, grow your own food, volunteer, conserve energy, compost, and don’t forget about the microplastics and microbeads lurking in common household and personal care products!

For my testing, I had access to two new Hasselblad XCD lenses: the 350g XCD 38V and the 376g XCD 55V, both of which have f/2.5 apertures and cost $3,699. Hasselblad will also be releasing a $4,299 XCD 90V lens that is a bit heavier at 551g. These are not cheap lenses, obviously, but they are small and relatively lightweight for being all metal and made for a medium format camera.

The X2D is similarly designed to its predecessor, the X1D, but it now has a matte black finish and is a bit heavier and larger at 895g with the battery. But this camera never felt too heavy because of its slightly curved hand grip with a rubber finish and thumb rest on the back of the camera. The upper and lower parts of the X2D are milled from single pieces of aluminum alloy, which create swooping lines between the EVF and top of the camera. And I love the large Hasselblad logo above the lens. It screams its own name, and that is exactly the energy I am here for in 2022. Like I said in my last review of a Hasselblad, the 907X 50C, it really is the hardware that makes Hasselblads so special.

On the very top, there is a mode button, ISO / white balance button, and power button alongside a one-inch LCD display and the orange shutter button. The shutter is on the softer side — not nearly as springy as its competitors — and requires a slightly harder push. There is a customizable button under the lens and two dials: one around the back, which also has a click-in feature for selecting, and one under the shutter.

The touchscreen can lock at 40 and 70 degrees off of the back of the camera for taking photos at low angles, but it does not do a full 90. Photo by Jasmine Lewis / The Verge

All of the buttons on the back of the camera are on the right-hand side of the 3.6-inch LCD touchscreen. The touchscreen is crisp and very responsive and can lock at 40 and 70 degrees but does not do a full 90. It’s obvious that Hasselblad spent a great deal of time making the operation of this screen as close to that of a smartphone as possible: everything is very intuitive, and the menu is easy to navigate with the pictorial icons.

The X2D’s battery is officially rated at 420 photos from a 100 percent charge, which is on the low end for high-resolution mirrorless cameras but easily got me through a full day of casual shooting. Remember, this camera does not fire off 420 photos quickly, and on average, I would take around 160 photos in a day of carrying it. Many folks complained about the poor battery life that the X1D camera got, so it is great to see Hasselblad work to improve that here.

For use in really cold or hot weather or a day of heavy use, you will want two batteries. Hasselblad will sell additional batteries for $99, and a very well made but utterly too expensive dual battery charger will run you $155. A new feature to the X2D, though, is USB-C PD 3.0 fast charging, up to 30W, that can take a dead battery to 100 percent in about 2 hours.

When charging, the LCD screen on top of the camera shows the battery percentage. We love pictorial elements on nice screens! Photo by Becca Farsace / The Verge

With improved battery life, a huge amount of built-in storage, more megapixels, faster charging, sleeker lens design, and built-in image stabilization, the Hasselblad X2D 100C has improved upon many of the pitfalls of its predecessors. But in my time with the X2D 100C, it was all of the physical design that made me want to keep throwing this camera over my shoulder and take it everywhere I go. It feels amazing to use and keeps a relatively small size despite the large sensor.

It was supposed to build cutting-edge flat-panel display screens for TVs and other devices and instantly establish Wisconsin as a destination for tech firms.

But industry executives, including some at Foxconn, were highly skeptical of the plan from the start, pointing out that none of the crucial suppliers needed for flat-panel display production were located anywhere near Wisconsin.

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This website is using a security service to protect itself from online attacks. The action you just performed triggered the security solution. There are several actions that could trigger this block including submitting a certain word or phrase, a SQL command or malformed data.

India is bestowed with vast livestock wealth and it is growing at the rate of 6% per annum. The contribution of livestock industry including poultry and fish is increasing substantially in GDP of country which accounts for >40% of total agricultural sector and >12% of GDP. This contribution would have been much greater had the animal by-products been also efficiently utilized. Efficient utilization of by-products has direct impact on the economy and environmental pollution of the country. Non-utilization or under utilization of by-products not only lead to loss of potential revenues but also lead to the added and increasing cost of disposal of these products. Non-utilization of animal by-products in a proper way may create major aesthetic and catastrophic health problems. Besides pollution and hazard aspects, in many cases meat, poultry and fish processing wastes have a potential for recycling raw materials or for conversion into useful products of higher value. Traditions, culture and religion are often important when a meat by-product is being utilized for food. Regulatory requirements are also important because many countries restrict the use of meat by-products for reasons of food safety and quality. By-products such as blood, liver, lung, kidney, brains, spleen and tripe has good nutritive value. Medicinal and pharmaceutical uses of by-product are also highlighted in this review. Waste products from the poultry processing and egg production industries must be efficiently dealt with as the growth of these industries depends largely on waste management. Treated fish waste has found many applications among with which the most important are animal feed, biodiesel/biogas, dietectic products (chitosan), natural pigments (after extraction) and cosmetics (collagen). Available information pertaining to the utilization of by-products and waste materials from meat, poultry and fish and their processing industries has been reviewed here.

Waste disposal and by-product management in food processing industry pose problems in the areas of environmental protection and sustainability (Russ and Pittroff 2004). Generally speaking, raw and auxiliary materials, as well as processing acids, enter the production process and exit as one of the following: a desired product, a non-product-specific waste or a product-specific waste. Product-specific waste unavoidably accumulates as a result of processing of raw materials. It is produced during the various steps of production, in which the desired components are extracted from the raw materials. After extraction, there are often other potentially useful components present in the remaining materials.

The current methods for further utilization of product-specific waste have been developed along traditional lines and are closely bound to the agricultural origins of the raw materials themselves. The two general methods of traditional waste utilization have been to use the waste as either animal feed or fertilizer. Many of the existing agricultural solutions to waste disposal balance out between legal regulations and the best ecological and economical solutions. Another characteristic of product-specific waste is that the generated mass of waste relative to production levels can only be altered through technical means, which unavoidably leads to a change in product quality. Typical examples of product-specific waste are spent grains from beer production or slaughter house waste from meat production. The product-specific waste from the food industry is characterized by its high proportion of organic material.

Type of WasteOrigin of WasteWaste from the preparation, processing and rendering of meat, fish and other food stuffs originating from animalsSlaughter house, butcher shops, fish processing plants, egg processing plants, tallow processing plants

Waste from the preparation and processing of fruit, vegetables, grain, edible oil, cocoa, coffee and tobacco, production of canned foods.Fruit and vegetable processing plant, starch manufacturers, malt houses, grist and husting mill, oil mills, manufacturers of coffee, tea, cocoa, and canned foods, tobacco processing plants.

Waste from the production of both non-alcoholic and alcoholic beveragesBreweries, wineries, liqueur producers, distilleries, non-alcoholic beverage and fruit juice producers

Efficient utilization of meat by-products is important for the profitability of the meat industry. It has been estimated that 11.4% of the gross income from beef and 7.5% of the income from pork, come from the by-products. In the past, by products were a favourite food in Asia, but health concerns have led to an increased focus on non-food uses, such as pet foods, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics and animal feed (Rivera et al. 2000). Meat by-products are produced by slaughter houses, meat processors, wholesalers and rendering plant. Traditional markets for edible meat by-products have gradually been disappearing because of low prices and health concerns. In response to these problems, meat processors have directed their marketing and research efforts towards non-food uses.

The literature indicates that by-products (including organs, fat or lard, skin, feet, abdominal and intestinal contents, bone and blood) of cattle, pigs and lambs represents 66.0, 52.0 and 68.0% of the live weight respectively. More than half the animal by-products are not suitable for normal consumption, because of their unusual physical and chemical characteristics. As a result, a valuable source of potential revenue is lost, and the cost of disposing of these products is increasing. The United States Dept. of Agriculture Economic Research Service has found that 11.4% of the gross income from beef is from the by-products. The figure for pork is 7.5%. In addition to economic losses, unused meat products cause serious environmental pollution. However with improved utilization, meat by-products can give a good profit to meat processors.

India ranks top most in the world in livestock holding and the total availability of offal/bones in the country generated from large slaughter houses is estimated to be more than 21 lakh tones/annum. Based on the data collected during survey, the solid waste quantity generated in the bovine, goat and sheep and pig slaughter house is shown in Table 3.

Average solid waste generation from bovine slaughter house is 275 kg/tonne of total live weight killed (TLWK) which is equivalent to 27.5% of the animal weight. In case of goat and sheep slaughter house, average waste generation from pig slaughtering is 2.3 kg/head equivalent to 4% of animal weight.

In India, the slaughter house waste management system is very poor and several measures are being taken for the effective management of wastes generated from slaughter houses. Effective management of liquid waste/effluent by proper treatments, as per the guidelines contained in the Manual of Sewage treatment published by the Ministry of Urban development may be followed. The blood available from the slaughter houses should be collected and made use of its full potential in pharmaceutical industry. Provisions should be made for improved method of dressing, evisceration, safe disposal of waste products, control of odours, curbing activities of illegal slaughtering of animals, provisions of dry rendering plants and modernization of slaughter houses. (http://urbanindia.nic.in).

United States considers everything produced by or from the animal, except dressed meat, to be a by-product. Animal by-products in the USA are divided into two classes, edible and inedible. In United States terminology, offal means slaughter by-products, and includes the entire animal which is not part of the carcass.

Variety meats are the wholesale edible by-products. They are segregated, chilled and processed under sanitary conditions and inspected by the US Meat Inspection Service. In some parts of the world, blood is also utilized as an edible product for human beings. In US, meat trimmed from the head is described on edible offal or an edible by-product. Edible fats are obtained during slaughter, such as the cowl fat surrounding the rumen or stomach, or the cutting fat which is back fat, pork leaf fat or rumen fat. In commercial slaughter house practice in U.K, the offal is divided into red (head, liver, lungs, tongue, tail etc.) and white (fat), plus the set of guts and bladder, the set of tripe (rumen), and the four feet and trimming. The list originally included the spinal cord and brain, but these are now banned for food use since the outbreak of BSE (Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy, popularly known as Mad Cow Disease) (Schrieber and Seybold 1993). It also includes poultry parts such as the heart and liver.

Some items may not be used in uncooked products. This list includes mammalian parts such as blood, blood plasma, feet, large intestines, small intestines, lungs, oesophagus meat, rectum, stomach (non-ruminant), first stomach (tripe, after cooking), second stomach (tripe, after cooking), fourth stomach, testicles and udder. It also includes poultry part such as gizzards and necks. The average quantity of the different by-products from sheep, cattle and pig are shown in Table 4. The yield of edible meat by-products from pigs is around 6.7% of the carcasses weight. The world production of edible by-products from pigs in 2004 was 625 million MT, most of it from Asia (50.4%). Europe is the second largest producer, with 37.1% of the world total. Asia and Europe are also the two major consumers of meat by-products, including beef and lamb. Usage of meat by-products often requires treatments such as collection, washing, trimming, chilling, packaging and cooling. Whether these products are widely accepted by consumers depends on various factors. These include the nutrient content, the price and whether there are comparable competing products.

Traditions, culture and religion are often important when a meat by-product is being utilized for food. Regulatory requirements are also important, because many countries restrict the use of meat by-products for reasons of food safety and quality. An example is the USDA requirement that mechanically separated meat and variety meats must be specifically identified as an ingredient on labels. If frankfurters and bologna are made with heart meat or mechanically separated poultry meat as an ingredient, this must be listed.

Pork tail has the highest fat content and the lowest moisture content of all meat by-products. The liver, tail, ears and feet of cattle have a protein level which is close to that of lean meat tissue, but a large amount of collagen is found in the ears and feet (Unsal and Aktas 2003). The lowest protein level is found in the brain, chitterlings and fatty tissue. The United States Dept. of Agriculture (2001) requires that mechanically deboned beef and pork contain at least 14% protein and a maximum of 30% fat. The amino acid composition of meat by-products is different from that of lean tissue, because of the large amount of connective tissue. As a result, by-products such as ears, feet, lungs, stomach and tripe contain a larger amount of proline, hydroxyproline and glycine, and a lower level of tryptophan and tyrosine. The vitamin content of organ meats is usually higher than that of lean meat issue. Kidney and liver contain the largest amount of riboflavin (1.697–3.630 mg/100 g), and have 5–10 times more than lean meat. Liver is the best source of niacin, vitamin B12, B6, folacin, ascorbic acid and vitamin A. Kidney is also a good source of vitamin B6, B12, and folacin. A 100 g serving of liver from pork or beef contributes 450%–1,100% of the RDA of vitamin A, 65% of the RDA of vitamin B6, 3,700% of the RDA of vitamin B12 and 37% of the RDA of ascorbic acid. Lamb kidneys,pork, liver, lungs, and spleen are an excellent source of iron, as well as vitamins. The copper content is highest in the livers of beef, lamb and veal. They contribute 90–350% of the RDA of copper (2 mg/day). Livers also contain the highest amount of manganese (0.128–0.344 mg/100 g). However, the highest level of phosphorus (393–558 mg/100 g) and potassium (360–433 mg/100 g) in meat by-products is found in the thymus and sweetbreads (Devatkal et al. 2004b). With the exception of brain, kidney, lungs, spleen and ears, most other by-products contain sodium at or below the levels found in lean tissue. Mechanically deboned meat has the highest calcium content (315–485 mg/100 g).

Blood is usually sterile in a healthy animal. It has high protein content (17.0), with a reasonably good balance of amino acids. Blood is a significant part of the animal’s body mass (2.4–8.0% of the animal’s live weight). The average percentage of blood that can be recovered from pigs, cattle and lambs are 3.0–4.0, 3.0–4.0 and 3.5–4.0%, respectively. However, the use of blood in meat processing may mean that the final product is dark in color, and not very palatable. Plasma is the portion of blood that is of greatest interest, because of its functional properties and lack of color.

Blood plasma also has an excellent foaming capacity (Del et al. 2008), and can be used to replace egg whites in the baking industry (Ghost 2001). The application of transglutaminase (TGase) from animal blood and organs or microbes to meat products has received a great deal of research. Blood factor XIII is a transglutaminase that occurs as an enzymogen in plasma, placenta and platelets. Transglutaminase was first extracted from bovine blood in 1983, in order to improve the binding ability of fresh meat products at chilling temperature. It showed how myosin was cross-linked by TGase. An important property of the TGase reaction was documented when cross-linking between myosin and proteins (soy, casein and gluten), all commonly used in meat processing Moreover, the restructured meat products can be processed without heating, and their salt and phosphate content reduced, by the addition of TGase from animal blood.

Animal hides have been used for shelters, clothing and as containers by human beings since prehistoric times. The hides represent a remarkable portion of the weight of the live animal, from 4% to as much as 11% (e.g. cattle: 5.1–8.5%, average: 7.0%; sheep: 11.0–11.7%; swine: 3.0–8.0%). Hides and skins are generally one of the most valuable by-products from animals. Examples of finished products from the hides of cattle and pigs, and from sheep pelts, are leather shoes and bags, rawhide, athletic equipment, reformed sausage casing and cosmetic products, sausage skins, edible gelatine and glue (Benjakul et al. 2009).

After the hide is removed from the animal, it should be cured quickly to avoid decomposition by bacteria and enzymes. There are four basic treatments. One is air-drying, the second is curing with salt, and the third and fourth are curing by mixer and raceway respectively. Salt curing is often used for the raw hides. The quality of cured hides and skins is usually based on their moisture and salt content. The moisture level of hides should be in the range 40–48%, if they are to remain in good condition during storage or shipping.

Gelatin is produced by the controlled hydrolysis of a water-insoluble collagen derived from protein. It is made from fresh raw materials (hides or bone) that are in an edible condition. Both hides and bones contain large quantities of collagen. The processing of gelatin from hide consists of three major steps. The first step is the elimination of non-collagenous material from the raw material. This is followed by controlled hydrolysis of collagen to gelatin. The final step is recovery and drying of the final product.

Gelatin extracted from animal skins and hides can be used for food (Choa et al. 2005). The raw material can also be rendered into lard. In the United States, Latin America, Europe and some Asian countries, pork skin is immersed, boiled, dried and then fried to make a snack food (pork rinds) and in U.K they are called “pork scratching”. Collagen from hides and skins also has a role as an emulsifier in meat products because it can bind large quantities of fat. This makes it a useful additive or filler for meat products. Collagen can also be extracted from cattle hides to make the collagen sausage used in the meat industry.

Approximately 6.5% of the total production of gelatin is used in the pharmaceutical industry (Hidaka and Liu 2003). Most of it is used to make the outer covering of capsules. Gelatin can also be used as a binding and compounding agent in the manufacture of medicated tablets and pastilles. It is used as an important ingredient in protective ointment, such as zinc gelatin for the treatment of ulcerated varicose veins. Gelatin can be made into a sterile sponge by whipping it into foam, treating it with formaldehyde and drying it.(Estaca et al. 2009). Such sponges are used in surgery, and also to implant a drug or antibiotic directly into a specific area. Because gelatin is a protein, it is used as a plasma expander for blood in cases of very severe shock and injury. Gelatin is an excellent emulsifier and stabilizing agent for many emulsions and foams. It is used in cosmetic products, and in printing for silk screen printing, photogravure printing etc. (Arvanitoyannis 2002).

A product made from extracted collagen can stimulate blood clotting during surgery. Pork skin is similar to human skin, and can be converted into a dressing for burns or skin-ulcers. Pork skin used as a dressing needs to be cut into strips or into a patch, shaved of hair, split to a thickness of 0.2–0.5 mm, cleansed, sanitized and packaged. It can be used for skin grafting. When used for skin grafting, it is removed from the carcass within 24 h of the death of the pig.

Eleven percent of pork carcasses, 15% of beef carcasses and 16% of lamb carcasses are bone. These values are higher if they include the meat clinging to the bone. The marrow inside some of the bones can also be used as food. The marrow may be 4.0–6.0% of the carcass weight (West and Shaw 1975). For centuries, bones have been used to make soup and gelatine. In recent years, the meat industry has been trying to get more meat from bones, and new techniques have been used for this purpose. The beef, pork or lamb produced by mechanical deboning produces tissue that is called “mechanically separated”, “mechanically deboned” or “mechanically removed”. Such meat is now approved for use in meat products (mixed or used alone) in many countries (Field 1981). In 1978, mechanically separated red meat was approved for use as red meat in the United States.

The brain, nervous system and spinal cord are usually prepared direct for the table rather than processed for industrial use. They are blanched to firm the tissue before cooking, because of the soft texture. The membranes are peeled from the brain before cooking. Heart meat is generally regarded as relatively touch, reflecting the nature of the cardiac muscle. Heart is used as a table meat. Whole hearts can be roasted or braised. Sliced heart meat is grilled or braised. Heart meat is often also used as an ingredient in processed meats. Kidneys are generally removed from the fatty capsule which holds the kidney in place. The ureter and blood vessels need to be trimmed before the kidneys are prepared for cooking. Kidneys may be cooked whole or in slices, and are generally broiled, grilled, or braised. Liver is the most widely used edible organ. It is used in many processed meats, such as liver sausage and liver paste (Devatkal et al. 2004a). Livers from lambs, veal calves and young cattle are preferred for the table in the United States and Europe, because they have a lighter flavor and texture. Consumers in Southeast Asia, However, generally prefer livers from pigs. Livers are braised or broiled. Pig, calf and lamb lungs are mainly used to make stuffing and some types of sausages and processed meats (Darine et al. 2010).

Animal intestines are used as food after being boiled in some countries. Animal intestines are also used in pet food or for meat meal, tallow or fertilizer. However, the most important use of the intestines is as sausage casings (Bhaskar et al. 2007). Animal intestines, when removed from the carcass, are highly contaminated with microbes and very fragile. They must be cleaned immediately after the slaughter of the animal. To make them into sausage casing, they are removed from the abdomen. The ruffle fat is separated from the intestines, and the faeces stripped out. Sometimes they are fermented, though this is not often done today. The inner mucosa membrane is separated from the casing, all strings and blood are removed, and the intestines are finally soaked salted and packaged.

Animal glands and organs are traditionally used as medicine in many countries, including China, India and Japan. The endocrine glands secrete hormones (i.e. enzymes that regulate the body’s metabolism). These include the liver, lungs, pituitary, thyroid, pancreas, stomach, parathyroid, adrenal, kidney, corpus luteum, ovary and follicle. The glands are collected only from healthy animals. Locating the glands needs some experience. They are often small and encased in other tissue.

Different animals have different glands that are important. The function of glands also depends on the species, sex and age of the animal. The best method of preserving most glands to stop tissue breakdown from bacterial growth is by rapid freezing. Before freezing, the glands need be cleaned, and the surrounding fat and connective tissue trimmed off. The glands are then placed onto waxed paper and kept at −18 °C or less. When the glands arrive at the pharmaceutical plant they are inspected, then chopped and mixed with different solutions for extraction, or placed in a vacuum drier. If the dried gland contains too much fat, solutions such as gasoline, light petroleum, ethylene or acetone are used to remove the fat. After drying and defatting, the glands or extracts are milled into a powder and made into capsules, or used in a liquid form. They are tested for safety and potency before they are sold.

Brains, nervous systems and spinal cords are a source of cholesterol which is the raw material for the synthesis of vitamin D3. Cholesterol is also used as an emulsifier in cosmetics (Ejike and Emmanuel 2009). Other materials can be isolated from the hypothalamus of the brain for the same purpose. The hormone melatonin, extracted from the pineal gland, is being evaluated for the treatment of schizophrenia, insomnia and other problems, including mental retardation.

Bile consists of acids, pigments, proteins, cholesterol etc., and can be obtained from the gall bladder. It is used for the treatment of indigestion, constipation and bile tract disorders. It is also used to increase the secretory activity of the liver. Bile from cattle or pigs can be purchased as a dry extract or in liquid form. Some ingredients of bile, such as prednisone and cortisone, can be extracted separately, and used as medicines. Gallstones are reported to have aphrodisiac properties, and can be sold at a high price. They are usually used as ornaments to make necklaces and pendants.

The liver is the largest gland in animals. The liver of mature cattle usually weighs about 5 kg, while that of a pig weighs approximately 1.4 kg. Liver extract is produced by mixing raw ground liver with slightly acidified hot water. The stock is concentrated into a paste in a vacuum at a low temperature, and is used as a raw material by the pharmaceutical industry. Liver extract can be obtained from pigs and cattle, and has been used for a long time as a source of vitamin B12, and as a nutritional supplement used to treat various types of anaemia. (Colmenero and Cassens 1987; Devatkal et al. 2004a, b). Heparin can be extracted from the liver, as well as the lungs and the lining of the small intestines. It is used as an anticoagulant to prolong the clotting time of blood. It is also used to thin the blood, to prevent blood clotting during surgery and in organ transplants.

Progesterone and oestrogen can be extracted from pig ovaries. It may be used to treat reproductive problems in women. Relaxin is a hormone taken from the ovaries of pregnant sows, and is often used during childbirth.

The pancreas provides insulin, which regulates sugar metabolism and is used in the treatment of diabetes. Glucagon extracted from the cells of the pancreas is used to increase blood sugar, and to treat insulin overdoses or low blood sugar caused by alcoholism. Chymotrypsin and trypsin are used to improve healing after surgery or injury.

Animal fats are an important by-product of the meat packing industry. The major edible animal fats are lard and tallow. Lard is the fat rendered from the clean tissues of healthy pigs. Tallow is hard fat rendered from the fatty tissues of cattle or sheep. Lard and edible tallow are obtained by dry or wet rendering. In the wet rendering process, the fatty tissues are heated in the presence of water, generally at a low temperature. The quality of the lard or tallow from this process is better than that of products from dry rendering. Low-quality lard, and almost all of the inedible tallow and greases, are produced by dry rendering. Rendered lard can be used as an edible fat without any further processing. However, because of consumer demand, lard and tallow are now often bleached and given a deodorizing treatment before being used in food.

Waste products from the poultry processing and egg production industries must be efficiently dealt with as the growth of these industries depends largely on waste management. Animal and poultry waste management center, at North Carolina State University, North Carolina, USA is engaged in conversion of wastes to valuable products and the work being supported by various organization, agencies, companies etc. (Anon 1995).

Emulsion—based mutton nuggets, incorporating chicken by-products, i.e., skin, gizzard and heart (SGH) from spent hens were evaluated by Kondaiah et al. (1993). Incorporation of SGH resulted in better acceptability of mutton nuggets as compared to that containing mutton fat. Urlings et al. (1993) studied the proteolysis and amino acid breakdown of heated and irradiated poultry by products of muscle tissue and concluded that during processing of poultry meat and poultry wastes, enzymic activity has to be reduced or eliminated to ensure safe and high quality products. The main by-products from the poultry industry are shown in Table 6.

In poultry processing, water is used primarily for scalding, in the process of feather removal, bird washing before and after evisceration, chilling, cleaning and sanitizing of equipment and facilities, and for cooling of mechanical equipment such as compressors and pumps. Although water also is typically used to remove feathers and viscera from production areas, overflow from scalding and chiller tanks is used. A number of studies also have shown that the volume of water used and wastewater generated by poultry processing on a per unit of production basis (such as per bird killed) can vary substantially among processing plants. Again, some of this variation is a reflection of different levels of effort among plants to reduce their wastewater treatment costs by minimizing their water use. One study of 88 chicken processing plants found wastewater flows ranged from 4.2 to 23 gallon per bird with a mean value of 9.3 gallon per bird (USEPA 1975).

The principal constituents in waste waters from rendering operations are the same as those in meat and poultry processing wastewaters. In addition, it appears that there is little difference in rendering wastewater constituents or concentrations attributable to the source of materials being processed. The principal sources of wastes in poultry processing are live bird holding and receiving, killing, defeathering, eviscerating, carcass washing, chilling, cut-up, and cleanup operations. Further processing and rendering operations are also major sources of wastes. These wastes include blood not collected, feathers, viscera, soft tissue removed during trimming and cutting, bone, soil from feathers, and various cleaning and sanitizing compounds. Further processing and rendering can produce additional sources of animal fat and other soft tissue, in addition to other substances such as cooking oils.

Thus, the principal constituents of poultry processing wastewaters are a variety of readily biodegradable organic compounds, primarily fats and proteins, present in both particulate and dissolved forms. To reduce wastewater treatment requirements, poultry processing wastewaters also are screened to reduce concentrations of particulate matter before treatment. An added benefit of screening is increased collection of materials and subsequent increased production of rendered by-products. Because feathers are not rendered with soft tissue, wastewater containing feathers is not commingled with other wastewater. Instead, it is screened separately and then combined with unscreened wastewater to recover soft tissue before treatment during the screening process of these mixed wastewaters. However, poultry processing wastewaters also remain high strength wastes even after screening in comparison to domestic wastewaters based on concentrations of BOD, COD, TSS, nitrogen, and phosphorus after screening. Blood not collected, solubilized fat, and feces are principal sources of BOD in poultry processing wastewaters. As with meat processing wastewaters, the efficacy of blood collection is a significant factor in determining BOD concentration in poultry processing wastewaters. Another significant factor in determining the BOD of poultry processing wastewaters is the degree to which manure (urine and feces), especially from receiving areas, is handled separately as a solid waste. Chicken and turkey manures have BOD concentrations in excess of 40,000 mg/kg on an as excreted basis (American Society of Agricultural Engineers 1999). The cages and trucks for transporting broilers are washed in U.K but in some Asian countries, although the cages and trucks used to transport broilers to processing plants usually are not washed, cages and trucks used to transport live turkeys to processing plants are washed to prevent transmission of disease from farm to farm. Thus, manure probably is a more significant source of wastewater BOD for turkey processing operations than for broiler processing operations.

Rendering processes are processes used to convert the by-products of meat and poultry processing into marketable products, including edible and inedible fats and proteins for agricultural and industrial use. Materials rendered include viscera, meat scraps including fat, bone, blood, feathers, hatchery by-products (infertile eggs, dead embryos, etc.), and dead animals. Lard and foodgrade tallow are examples of edible rendering products. Inedible rendering products include industrial and animal feedgrade fats, meat and poultry by-product meals, feather meal, dried blood, and hydrolyzed hair. Rendering plants that operate in conjunction with animal slaughterhouses or poultry processing plants are called integrated rendering plants. Plants that collect their raw materials from a variety of off-site sources are called independent rendering plants. Independent plants obtain animal by-product materials from a variety of sources, including butcher shops, supermarkets, restaurants, fast-food chains, poultry processors, slaughterhouses, farms, ranches, feedlots, and animal shelters (USEPA 1995). Edible rendering plants separate fatty animal tissue into edible fats and proteins. The edible rendering plants are normally operated in conjunction with meat packing plants. The USDA Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS) is responsible for regulating and inspecting meat and poultry first and further processing facilities and facilities engaged in edible rendering (i.e., suitable for human consumption) to ensure food safety. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) covers inedible rendering operations. Inedible rendering plants are operated by independent renderers or are part of integrated rendering operations. These plants produce inedible tallow and grease, which are used in livestock and poultry feed, pet food, soap, chemical products such as fatty acids, and fuel blending agents.

Edible lard and tallow are the main foodstuffs produced from continuous edible rendering of animal fatty tissue. Either the low temperature option or the high temperature option edible rendering processes may be used to render edible fat. The low temperature option uses temperatures below 49 °C (120 °F) and the high temperature option uses temperatures between 82 and 100 °C (180 and 210 °F) to melt animal fatty tissue and to separate the fat from the protein. A better separation of fat from protein can be achieved with the high temperature option; however, the protein obtained from the low temperature option is of acceptable quality, whereas the protein obtained from the high temperature option cannot be sold as an edible product (Prokop 1985).

There are two processes for inedible rendering: the wet process and the dry process. Wet rendering separates fat from raw material by boiling in water. The process involves adding water to the raw material and using live steam to cook the raw material and separate the fat. Dry rendering is a batch or continuous process in which the material being rendered is cooked in its own moisture and grease with dry heat in open steam jacketed drums until the moisture has evaporated. Following dehydration, as much fat as possible is removed by draining, and the residue is passed through a screw press to remove some of the remaining fat and moisture. Then the residue is granulated or ground into a meal. At present, only dry rendering is used in the United States. The wet rendering process is no longer used because of the high cost of energy and its adverse effect on the fat quality (USEPA 1995).

Fish waste is a great source of minerals, proteins and fat. Potential utilization of waste fish scraps from 5 marine species (white croaker, horse mackerel, flying fish, chub mackerel, Sardine) to produce fish protein hydrolysate by enzymic treatment was investigated by Khan et al. (2003) and indicated that fish protein hydrolysate could be used as a cryoprotectant to suppress the denaturation of proteins of lizard fish surimi during frozen storage Ohba et al. (2003) reported that collagen or keratin contained in livestock and fish waste may be converted to useful products by enzymic hydrolysis, providing new physiologically functional food materials. Collagens containing yellow tail fish bone and swine skin wastes were used as raw materials for production of protein hydrolysates and peptides. These hydrolysates could be of potential use as food ingredients (Morimura et al. 2002). Enzymes and bioactive peptides obtained from fish waste or by-catch and used for fish silage, fish feed or fish sauce production (Gildberg 2004). Auto-hydrolysis of waste fish viscera to produce peptone hydrolysates and their use in microbiological media to support growth and bacteriocin production by lactic acid bacteria are reported by Vanquez et al. (2004). There are several alternative uses of fish processing waste, like utilization of fish mince, applications of fish gelatin, fish as a source of nutraceutical ingredients, fishmeal production, the possible use of fish and protein concentrate as a food source. The potential uses of fish waste are depicted in Table 7.

Recovery of proteins from fish waste products by alkaline extraction resulted a good yield of protein from lake waste (Batista 1999).Production of organic acids and amino acids from fish meat by sub-critical water hydrolysis would be an efficient process for recovering useful substances from organic waste such as fish waste discovered from fish markets (Yoshida et al. 1999). Use of fish waste for animal feed production was investigated by Hammoumi et al. (1998) and the considerable potential for use of fish waste for poultry feeding was established. Fish waste (from Sardine Pilchardus) from food factories was processed by biological fermentation using a combined starter culture of Saccharomyces species and Lactobacillus plantarium in order to investigate its utility in high protein feedstuffs for animals. It was concluded that mixed fermentation by pure culture of yeasts and lactic acid bacteria strains is involved in preservation, transformation and improvement of quality of the final product (Faid et al. 1997). Development of restructured fish product enabled commercial use of under-exploited fish species and the economic use of previously discarded fish waste (Borderias and Mateos 1996).

The potential of fish waste effluent as a fermentation medium for production of antibacterial compounds, by lactic acid bacteria was evaluated by Tahajod and Rand (1996). Collagen and keratin contained in livestock and fish waste may be converted to useful products by enzymic hydrolysis, providing new physiologically-functional food materials. Peptones for microbiological purposes are obtained from good quality meat (beef, pork, horsemeat), but a review of the literature indicates that an equally good source is fish and high-protein fish waste (Skorupa and Sikorski 1993). A smoked catfish sausage prepared from catfish frames and miscut fillets and smoked for 4 h was reported by Rust (1995). It has been suggested that shrimp by-products may serve as a potential source of flavouring such as shrimp sauce. Characteristics of salt-fermented sauces from shrimp processing by-products has been reported by Kim et al. (2003) and found that shrimp processing by-products may lend themselves to the preparation of high quality salt-fermented sauces. The production of fish oil from by-products of matjes (Salted) and studies on its stability to evaluate the quality characteristics was reported by Aidos et al. (2001).

Fish collagens are of interest to the food processing industry as they are used to produce gelatin which is extracted from the collagen. World landings of fish and shellfish are approaching 100 million metric tons (MMT) annually, of this total, around 28% is processed into fish meal and oil. Fish waste which is either high in oil or has excessive bones or is unsuitable for edible purposes can be converted to valuable feed and industrial products (Bimbo and Crowther 1992).

The recovery of chemical components from seafood waste materials, which can be used in other segments of the food industry, is a promising area of research and development for the utilization of seafood by-products. Researchers have shown that a number of useful compounds can be isolated from seafood waste including enzymes, gelatin and proteins that have antimicrobial and antitumor capabilities. Chitosan, produced from shrimp and crab shell, has shown a wide range of applications from the cosmetic to pharmaceutical industries (Arvanitoyannis and Kassaveti 2008). One of the important applications of chitosan is the removal of proteinaceous matter in the food industry. Chitosan, with its positive charge, can be used for coagulation and recovery of proteinaceous materials present in such food processing operations (Knorr 1991). Removal of proteinaceous matter from wastewater generated by food industry prior to discharge to municipal sewer system is becoming mandatory in many countries. Furthermore, chitosan is largely used as a non-toxic flocculent in the treatment of organic polluted wastewater and as a chelating agent for the removal of toxic (heavy and reactive) metals from industrial wastewater (An et al. 2001). Chitosan can potentially be used as a food preservative in food packaging materials since chitosan has film-forming ability with antimicrobial properties. Chitosan has wide spectrum antimicrobial activity against bacteria, yeast and fungi (Rabea et al. 2003; Shahidi et al. 1999). Chitosan may be used in various food preservation applications such as, direct addition of chitosan into food, direct application of chitosan film or coatings onto food surfaces, addition of chitosan sachets into packages, and use of chitosan incorporated packaging materials. Numerous researchers have reported the antimicrobial activities of chitosan in solutions or films (Staroniewicz et al. 1994). Antimicrobial packaging is considered a promising form of active packaging (Coma 2008) and incorporation of chitosan into packaging could be one type of active packaging.

The availability of wet biomass as waste from industrial processes and the need to meet the environmental standards stand for the main stimuli towards investigating all options inorder to dispose this waste. The thermal recycling of residues as secondary fuel is of increasing interest for power plant operators (Arvanitoyannis and Ladas 2008). Studies documented the usage of poultry litter as an alternative for natural fuel source generation. It is noteworthy that poultry litter with water contents less than 9% can burn without extra fuel. Therefore these samples were suitable for being used as fuel for generation of electrical power. Physicochemical treatment of meat industry wastewater is used to increase the organic matter removal efficiency, and it generates great amounts of sludge. Treatment using commercial ferric sulfate as coagulant for this specific wastewater gave high organic matter removals, decreasing considerably the amount of waste material to be treated in biological systems, and also allowing the obtention of 0.83–0.87 kg of biomass fuel for each m3 of treated wastewater (De Sena et al. 2008). Due to sanitary, environmental problems and operational costs related to the discharge, land disposal and re-use of wastes, the utilization of this Biofuel (dried sludge) for steam generation has shown to be a viable alternative. This type of fuel has a high heating value, and it is a renewable energy source. The combustion test with a Biofuel to sawdust ratio of 4:1 met the technical requirements for the characterization of this promising fuel; nevertheless, operating conditions must be well designed to achieve NO2 and SO2 emissions below local and/or international limits.

Biodiesel fuel aquired from the oils and fats of meat and fish is a substitute for, or an additive to diesel fuel derived from petroleum. There is an extensive literature on biogas production from cattle manure, piggery waste waters and by-products of aquaculture (Arvanitoyannis and Kassaveti 2008).

Now a days our society, in which there is great demand for appropriate nutritional standards, is beset by rising cost and often decreasing availability of raw materials together with much more concern about environmental pollution, leading to the consequence that there is much occupation with recovery and recycling of wastes. This applies particularly to the meat and meat processing industry, which as a whole is among the least profitable industries despite its immense size and large gross sales. Thus, it becomes imperative that an effort be made to reduce expenses by employing the use of new or modified processing methods and through in plant treatment, where waste effluents and by products could be recovered and often upgraded to useful product of higher value. Beside pollution and hazard aspects, in many cases, meat processing waste have a potential for recycling raw materials, or for conversion into useful products of higher value as by product, or even as raw material for other industries, or for use as food or feed after biological treatment. Particularly utilization of meat industry wastes is receiving increased attention in view of the fact that these wastes represent a possible and utilizable resource for conversion to useful products. Fish waste stands for one of the continuously gaining ground waste management fields. Among the most prominent current uses for treated fish waste are collagen, biogas/biodiesel, dietic applications (chitosan) and food packaging.

Meat producers have been using meat by-products for a long time to process different products, some edible and some inedible. Today, with the increased concerns over health, technology has been developed to permit more efficient utilization of these byproducts. In India, the slaughter house waste management system is very poor and several measures are being taken for the effective management of wastes generated from slaughter houses. Competition is also a strong incentive for meat industries to use by-products more efficiently. This is important, because increased profits and lower costs are required in the future for the meat industry to remain viable. These innovations also increase the value of the carcass, and increase the profits of livestock raisers. We have not quite reached the point where “The packer uses everything but the squeal”, but we are improving all the time.

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