full meter competition lcd panel made in china

Attendees visit the booth of TV panel maker Shenzhen China Star Optoelectronics Technology during an international exhibition in Shanghai on July 11, 2019. [Photo by Lyu Liang/For China Daily]

Chinese companies have gained a competitive edge in the large-screen display industry and the exit of South Korean counterparts such as Samsung Electronics and LG Display from the liquid crystal display market will bring opportunities for China"s panel makers despite the challenges posed by the COVID-19 pandemic.

Market research firm Sigmaintell said BOE Technology Group Co Ltd－a leading Chinese supplier of display products and solutions－became the world"s largest shipper of LCD TV panels for the first time in 2019.

The Beijing-based company shipped 53.3 million units of LCD panels in 2019, with production capacity increasing by more than 20 percent on a yearly basis.

The consultancy said the LCD TV panel production area of Chinese manufacturers will account for more than 50 percent of the global total this year, surpassing South Korean competitors who are accelerating the shutdown of large-sized LCD panel production capacity due to competition from Chinese manufacturers.

It estimated the production capacity of large-sized LCD panels will continue to increase in China over the next three years. In addition, global LCD TV panel shipments stood at 283 million pieces last year, a slight decrease of 0.2 percent year-on-year. Meanwhile, the shipment area was 160 million square meters, an increase of 6.3 percent year-on-year.

"Chinese companies have gained an upper hand in large-screen LCD displays. Samsung and LG"s decision to exit from the LCD sector means Chinese panel makers will take a dominant position in this field," said Li Dongsheng, founder and chairman of Chinese tech giant TCL Technology Group Corp.

Li said South Korean firms will focus on organic LED screens and quantum dot LED displays, while Chinese TV panel makers are catching up at a rapid pace.

The pandemic will accelerate reshuffling in the display industry as supply has surpassed demand in the past few years and competition has become very fierce, he added.

Data consultancy Digitimes Research said it comes as little surprise that Samsung has opted to withdraw from the LCD panel sector as its LCD business was losing money in every quarter of 2019 due to challenges from Chinese competitors.

BOE said its Gen 10.5 TFTLCD production line achieved mass production in Hefei, Anhui province, in March 2018. The plant mainly produces high-definition LCD screens of 65 inches and above. With a total investment of 46 billion yuan ($6.5 billion), the company"s second Gen 10.5 TFT-LCD production line launched operations in Wuhan, Hubei province, in December.

The Gen 11 TFT-LCD and active-matrix OLED production line of Shenzhen China Star Optoelectronics Technology, a subsidiary of TCL, officially entered operations in November 2018, producing 43-inch, 65-inch and 75-inch LCD screens.

Chen Lijuan, an analyst at Sigmaintell, said panel manufacturers should not just invest in production lines, but also pay more attention to the establishment of the whole supply chain, including raw materials, equipment and technology.

Bian Zheng, deputy director of research at AVC Revo, a unit of market consultancy firm AVC, said China will have a 51 percent market share in global TV shipments in 2020, while South Korea will have 25 percent, adding that large-screen TV panels will bolster healthy development of the industry.

Bian said the OLED and QLED will be the next-generation flat-panel display technologies to be in the spotlight. LG Display is currently the world"s only supplier of large-screen OLED TV panels.

OLED is a relatively new technology and part of recent display innovation. It has a fast response rate, wide viewing angles, super high-contrast images and richer colors. It is much thinner and can be made flexible, compared with traditional LCD display panels.

One of today’s modern technological wonders is the flat-panel liquid crystal display (LCD) screen, which is the key component we find inside televisions, computer monitors, smartphones, and an ever-proliferating range of gadgets that display information electronically.What most people don’t realize is how complex and sophisticated the manufacturing process is. The entire world’s supply is made within two time zones in East Asia. Unless, of course, the factory proposed by Foxconn for Wisconsin actually gets built.

Liquid crystal display (LCD) screens are manufactured by assembling a sandwich of two thin sheets of glass.On one of the sheets are transistor “cells” formed by first depositing a layer of indium tin oxide (ITO), an unusual metal alloy that you can actually see through.That’s how you can get electrical signals to the middle of a screen.Then you deposit a layer of silicon, followed by a process that builds millions of precisely shaped transistor parts.This patterning step is repeated to build up tiny little cells, one for each dot (known as a pixel) on the screen.Each step has to be precisely aligned to the previous one within a few microns.Remember, the average human hair is 40 microns in diameter.

On the other sheet of glass, you make an array of millions of red, green, and blue dots in a black matrix, called a color filter array (CFA).This is how you produce the colors when you shine light through it.Then you drop tiny amounts of liquid crystal material into the cells on the first sheet and glue the two sheets together.You have to align the two sheets so the colored dots sit right on top of the cells, and you can’t be off by more than a few microns in each direction anywhere on the sheet.The sandwich is next covered with special sheets of polarizing film, and the sheets are cut into individual “panels” – a term that is used to describe the subassembly that actually goes into a TV.

For the sake of efficiency, you would like to make as many panels on a sheet as possible, within the practical limitations of how big a sheet you can handle at a time.The first modern LCD Fabs built in the early 1990s made sheets the size of a single notebook computer screen, and the size grew over time. A Gen 5 sheet, from around 2003, is 1100 x 1300 mm, while a Gen 10.5 sheet is 2940 x 3370 mm (9.6 x 11 ft).The sheets of glass are only 0.5 - 0.7 mm thick or sometimes even thinner, so as you can imagine they are extremely fragile and can really only be handled by robots.The Hefei Gen 10.5 fab is designed to produce the panels for either eight 65 inch or six 75 inch TVs on a single mother glass.If you wanted to make 110 inch TVs, you could make two of them at a time.

The fab is enormous, 1.3 km from one end to the other, divided into three large buildings connected by bridges.LCD fabs are multi-story affairs.The main equipment floor is sandwiched between a ground floor that is filled with chemical pipelines, power distribution, and air handling equipment, and a third floor that also has a lot of air handling and other mechanical equipment.The main equipment floor has to provide a very stable environment with no vibrations, so an LCD fab typically uses far more structural steel in its construction than a typical skyscraper.I visited a Gen 5 fab in Taiwan in 2003, and the plant manager there told me they used three times as much structural steel as Taipei 101, which was the world’s tallest building from 2004- 2010.Since the equipment floor is usually one or two stories up, there are large loading docks on the outside of the building.When they bring the manufacturing equipment in, they load it onto a platform and hoist it with a crane on the outside of the building.That’s one way to recognize an LCD fab from the outside – loading docks on high floors that just open to the outdoors.

LCD fabs have to maintain strict standards of cleanliness inside.Any dust particles in the air could cause defects in the finished displays – tiny dark spots or uneven intensities on your screen.That means the air is passed through elaborate filtration systems and pushed downwards from the ceiling constantly.Workers have to wear special clean room protective clothing and scrub before entering to minimize dust particles or other contamination.People are the largest source of particles, from shedding dead skin cells, dust from cosmetic powders, or smoke particles exhaled from the lungs of workers who smoke.Clean rooms are rated by the number of particles per cubic meter of air.A class 100 cleanroom has less than 100 particles less than 0.3 microns in diameter per cubic meter of air, Class 10 has less than 10 particles, and so on. Fab 9 has hundeds of thousands of square meters of Class 100 cleanroom, and many critical areas like photolithography are Class 10.In comparison, the air in Harvard Square in Cambridge, MA is roughly Class 8,000,000, and probably gets substantially worse when an MBTA bus passes through.

Since most display manufacturing has to be done in a cleanroom and handling the glass requires such precision, the factory is heavily automated.As you watch the glass come in, it is placed into giant cassettes by robot handlers, and the cassettes are moved around throughout the factory.At each step, robots lift a piece of glass out of the cassette, and position it for the processing machines.Some of the machines, like the ones that deposit silicon or ITO, orient the glass vertically, and put them inside an enormous vacuum chamber where all the air is first pumped out before they can go to work.And then they somehow manage to deposit micrometer thin layers that are extremely uniform.It is a miracle that any of this stuff actually works.

The Hefei Gen 10.5 is one of the most sophisticated manufacturing plants in the world.On opening day for the fab, BOE shipped panels to Sony, Samsung Electronics, LG Electronics, Vizio, and Haier.So if you have a new 65 or 75-inch TV, there is some chance the LCD panel came from here.

Chinese companies have gained a competitive edge in the large-screen display industry and the exit of South Korean counterparts such as Samsung Electronics and LG Display from the liquid crystal display market will bring opportunities for China"s panel makers despite the challenges posed by the COVID-19 pandemic.

Market research firm Sigmaintell said BOE Technology Group Co Ltd－a leading Chinese supplier of display products and solutions－became the world"s largest shipper of LCD TV panels for the first time in 2019.

The Beijing-based company shipped 53.3 million units of LCD panels in 2019, with production capacity increasing by more than 20 percent on a yearly basis.Chinese companies have gained an upper hand in large-screen LCD displays. Samsung and LG"s decision to exit from the LCD sector means Chinese panel makers will take a dominant position in this field

The consultancy said the LCD TV panel production area of Chinese manufacturers will account for more than 50 percent of the global total this year, surpassing South Korean competitors who are accelerating the shutdown of large-sized LCD panel production capacity due to competition from Chinese manufacturers.

It estimated the production capacity of large-sized LCD panels will continue to increase in China over the next three years. In addition, global LCD TV panel shipments stood at 283 million pieces last year, a slight decrease of 0.2 percent year-on-year. Meanwhile, the shipment area was 160 million square meters, an increase of 6.3 percent year-on-year.

"Chinese companies have gained an upper hand in large-screen LCD displays. Samsung and LG"s decision to exit from the LCD sector means Chinese panel makers will take a dominant position in this field," said Li Dongsheng, founder and chairman of Chinese tech giant TCL Technology Group Corp.

Li said South Korean firms will focus on organic LED screens and quantum dot LED displays, while Chinese TV panel makers are catching up at a rapid pace.

The pandemic will accelerate reshuffling in the display industry as supply has surpassed demand in the past few years and competition has become very fierce, he added.

Data consultancy Digitimes Research said it comes as little surprise that Samsung has opted to withdraw from the LCD panel sector as its LCD business was losing money in every quarter of 2019 due to challenges from Chinese competitors.

BOE said its Gen 10.5 TFTLCD production line achieved mass production in Hefei, Anhui province, in March 2018. The plant mainly produces high-definition LCD screens of 65 inches and above. With a total investment of 46 billion yuan (US$6.5 billion), the company"s second Gen 10.5 TFT-LCD production line launched operations in Wuhan, Hubei province, in December.

The Gen 11 TFT-LCD and active-matrix OLED production line of Shenzhen China Star Optoelectronics Technology, a subsidiary of TCL, officially entered operations in November 2018, producing 43-inch, 65-inch and 75-inch LCD screens.

Chen Lijuan, an analyst at Sigmaintell, said panel manufacturers should not just invest in production lines, but also pay more attention to the establishment of the whole supply chain, including raw materials, equipment and technology.

Bian Zheng, deputy director of research at AVC Revo, a unit of market consultancy firm AVC, said China will have a 51 percent market share in global TV shipments in 2020, while South Korea will have 25 percent, adding that large-screen TV panels will bolster healthy development of the industry.

Bian said the OLED and QLED will be the next-generation flat-panel display technologies to be in the spotlight. LG Display is currently the world"s only supplier of large-screen OLED TV panels.

OLED is a relatively new technology and part of recent display innovation. It has a fast response rate, wide viewing angles, super high-contrast images and richer colors. It is much thinner and can be made flexible, compared with traditional LCD display panels.

In recent time, China domestic companies like BOE have overtaken LCD manufacturers from Korea and Japan. For the first three quarters of 2020, China LCD companies shipped 97.01 million square meters TFT LCD. And China"s LCD display manufacturers expect to grab 70% global LCD panel shipments very soon.

BOE started LCD manufacturing in 1994, and has grown into the largest LCD manufacturers in the world. Who has the 1st generation 10.5 TFT LCD production line. BOE"s LCD products are widely used in areas like TV, monitor, mobile phone, laptop computer etc.

TianMa Microelectronics is a professional LCD and LCM manufacturer. The company owns generation 4.5 TFT LCD production lines, mainly focuses on making medium to small size LCD product. TianMa works on consult, design and manufacturing of LCD display. Its LCDs are used in medical, instrument, telecommunication and auto industries.

TCL CSOT (TCL China Star Optoelectronics Technology Co., Ltd), established in November, 2009. TCL has six LCD panel production lines commissioned, providing panels and modules for TV and mobile products. The products range from large, small & medium display panel and touch modules.

Established in 1996, Topway is a high-tech enterprise specializing in the design and manufacturing of industrial LCD module. Topway"s TFT LCD displays are known worldwide for their flexible use, reliable quality and reliable support. More than 20 years expertise coupled with longevity of LCD modules make Topway a trustworthy partner for decades. CMRC (market research institution belonged to Statistics China before) named Topway one of the top 10 LCD manufactures in China.

The Company engages in the R&D, manufacturing, and sale of LCD panels. It offers LCD panels for notebook computers, desktop computer monitors, LCD TV sets, vehicle-mounted IPC, consumer electronics products, mobile devices, tablet PCs, desktop PCs, and industrial displays.

SKY technology (Shenzhen)Co., Limited. is a professional LCD manufacturer which established in 2005 .we specialize in providing engineered LCD and OLED solutions for both standard and custom electronic products to a large variety of markets including medical, industrial, automotive, computer, financial, point-of-sale, aerospace, and military markets. Our engineering and sales staff can quickly respond to your requirement with a solution that fits your needs, and we will help you find and develop a LCD solution perfect for your application.

Full Line of LCD Products. SKY technology has a full line of LCD glass and modules, including TN, HTN, STN, FSTN, CSTN and TFT LCD panles OLED , 3D-glassed LCD modules. We lead the industry in making high-resolution, mid- to large-size LCD panel, which not only supports our own LCD module production, but also is supplied to other module assemblers. We also make LCD panels and modules with non-regular shapes, with specialized fluid and parameters, and for special applications.

Wide Application. SKY technology"s products have been widely used in digital multimeters, electronics testers and equipment, fax machines, telephones, electronic scales, digital clocks and watches, charge meters of taxis, display panels of hi-fi audio systems, POS, air conditioners, various remote controls, digital calendars, temperature/humidity displays, control boards of automobiles and motorcycles, digital meters and messaging systems, GPS devices, PDAs and mobile computers.

Asia has long dominated the display module TFT LCD manufacturers’ scene. After all, most major display module manufacturers can be found in countries like China, South Korea, Japan, and India.

In this post, we’ll list down 7 best display module TFT LCD manufacturers in the USA. We’ll see why these companies deserve recognition as top players in the American display module industry.

STONE Technologies is a leading display module TFT LCD manufacturer in the world. The company is based in Beijing, China, and has been in operations since 2010. STONE quickly grew to become one of the most trusted display module manufacturers in 14 years.

Now, let’s move on to the list of the best display module manufacturers in the USA. These companies are your best picks if you need to find a display module TFT LCD manufacturer based in the United States:

Planar Systems is a digital display company headquartered in Hillsboro, Oregon. It specializes in providing digital display solutions such as LCD video walls and large format LCD displays.

Microtips Technology is a global electronics manufacturer based in Orlando, Florida. The company was established in 1990 and has grown into a strong fixture in the LCD industry.

Microtips also provides value-added services to all its clients. The company’s Electronic Manufacturing Services team gives product suggestions and shares insights on how clients can successfully manage their projects.

What makes Microtips a great display module TFT LCD manufacturer in the USA lies in its close ties with all its customers. It does so by establishing a good rapport with its clients starting from the initial product discussions. Microtips manages to keep this exceptional rapport throughout the entire client relationship by:

Displaytech is an American display module TFT LCD manufacturer headquartered in Carlsbad, California. It was founded in 1989 and is part of several companies under the Seacomp group. The company specializes in manufacturing small to medium-sized LCD modules for various devices across all possible industries.

The company also manufactures embedded TFT devices, interface boards, and LCD development boards. Also, Displaytech offers design services for embedded products, display-based PCB assemblies, and turnkey products.

Displaytech makes it easy for clients to create their own customized LCD modules. There is a feature called Design Your Custom LCD Panel found on their site. Clients simply need to input their specifications such as their desired dimensions, LCD configuration, attributes, connector type, operating and storage temperature, and other pertinent information. Clients can then submit this form to Displaytech to get feedback, suggestions, and quotes.

A vast product range, good customization options, and responsive customer service – all these factors make Displaytech among the leading LCD manufacturers in the USA.

Products that Phoenix Display offers include standard, semi-custom, and fully-customized LCD modules. Specifically, these products comprise Phoenix Display’s offerings:

Clients flock to Phoenix Display because of their decades-long experience in the display manufacturing field. The company also combines its technical expertise with its competitive manufacturing capabilities to produce the best possible LCD products for its clients.

True Vision Displays is an American display module TFT LCD manufacturing company located at Cerritos, California. It specializes in LCD display solutions for special applications in modern industries. Most of their clients come from highly-demanding fields such as aerospace, defense, medical, and financial industries.

The company produces several types of TFT LCD products. Most of them are industrial-grade and comes in various resolution types such as VGA, QVGA, XGA, and SXGA. Clients may also select product enclosures for these modules.

All products feature high-bright LCD systems that come from the company’s proprietary low-power LED backlight technology. The modules and screens also come in ruggedized forms perfect for highly-demanding outdoor industrial use.

LXD Incorporated is among the earliest LCD manufacturers in the world. The company was founded in 1968 by James Fergason under the name International Liquid Xtal Company (ILIXCO). Its first headquarters was in Kent, Ohio. At present, LXD is based in Raleigh, North Carolina.

LXD has research centers and factories in both the United States and China. The US-based headquarters feature a massive 30,000 square feet of manufacturing and research development centers. Meanwhile, LXD’s Chinese facilities feature a large 5,000 square meters of cleanrooms for manufacturing modular and glass products.

We’ve listed the top 7 display module TFT LCD manufacturers in the USA. All these companies may not be as well-known as other Asian manufacturers are, but they are equally competent and can deliver high-quality display products according to the client’s specifications. Contact any of them if you need a US-based manufacturer to service your display solutions needs.

We also briefly touched on STONE Technologies, another excellent LCD module manufacturer based in China. Consider partnering with STONE if you want top-of-the-line smart LCD products and you’re not necessarily looking for a US-based manufacturer. STONE will surely provide the right display solution for your needs anywhere you are on the globe.

China may become the world’s largest LCD panel manufacturing base. Data shows that in the third quarter of this year, our country’s well-known display panel manufacturer BOE surpassed LG Display to become the world’s largest large-size panel manufacturer. At the same time, technological integration and breakthroughs in my country’s display industry are accelerating, and China’s display manufacturing is attracting more and more attention on the global stage.

Recently, market research agency IHS Markit released data showing that the third quarter. South Korea’s well-known panel manufacturer LG Display’s share of the global large-size panel market fell to 19.3%, and BOE’s market share reached 21.7%, which means that BOE surpassed LG to become the world’s largest large-size panel manufacturer.

This is another breakthrough made by BOE this year, and before that, BOE has successfully attracted global attention in the manufacture of small-size panels.A few days ago, BOE announced the mass production of the 6th generation flexible small-size OLED screen production line in Chengdu. It is China’s first 6th generation flexible small-size OLED screen production line, and the world’s second mass-production 6th generation flexible small-size OLED screen production line. The production line uses the world’s most advanced evaporation process, and uses flexible packaging technology to achieve display screen bending and folding. This year is considered to be the first year of my country’s mobile high-end flexible screen to break the South Korean Samsung’s exclusive monopoly and begin to become self-sufficient.

In addition to BOE, CSOT, another panel manufacturing company in my country, has also made many breakthroughs this year. Recently, TCL Group revealed that its subsidiary CSOT has increased its production capacity and continues to maintain full production and full sales. The order in the fourth quarter is in good condition. The production research and development of Wuhan Huaxing’s full-screen products is in progress, and mass production is expected in the fourth quarter.

It is reported that at present, CSOT already has one 11 generation line in Shenzhen, mainly producing TV panels; two 6th generation lines in Wuhan, mainly producing small-size panels such as mobile phones.

The transcripts handed over by BOE and CSOT are just a microcosm of the sudden rise of Chinese panel manufacturing in recent years. Previously, South Korean companies Samsung Display and LG Display occupies an absolute leading position in the global size of panel manufacturing, but now, the situation is changing. Chinese panel manufacturing companies represented by BOE, CSOT, and Tianma Technology are gradually strengthening their own strengths, and they are competing with Korean companies to compete for the “one brother” throne in the world panel manufacturing field.It shows that the industry is under construction and planned investment reaches 800 billion yuan.

At the same time that BOE became the world’s largest large-size panel manufacturer, Juhua Printing Display Public Platform was inaugurated on the 28th in Guangzhou. This is the first public open R&D platform for my country’s display industry.

According to the latest data from the China Electronics Video Association and the China Optical Optoelectronics Industry Association Liquid Crystal Branch, the investment in flat panel display production lines under construction and announced in my country has reached 800 billion yuan. Among them, the LCD panel investment exceeded 500 billion yuan. It is estimated that around 2019, my country will become the world’s largest flat panel display production base.

The information society shows everywhere. TVs, computers, smart phones, wearable devices, etc., are inseparable from the support of the display screen. According to statistics, in 2016 my country’s display industry operating income exceeded 200 billion yuan. In the first half of this year, my country’s display panel shipment area was about 57 million square meters, accounting for about 1/3 of global shipments, second only to South Korea in the world.

In fact, in addition to the breakthrough in the production line, this year, driven by the good news, my country’s panel companies have also handed out good transcripts in the A-share market. In the first three quarters of this year, BOE’s total revenue was 69.408 billion yuan, a year-on-year increase of 51.41%; the net profit was 6.48 billion yuan, a year-on-year increase of 450.45%; basic earnings per share was 0.185 yuan, an increase 4525%; and CSOT revenue and profits have also maintained strong growth, strongly driving TCL Group to “reverse the market” in the color TV field.

Regarding the development trend of China’s display industry, well-known home appliance industry analyst Liu Buchen told reporters that in recent years, Chinese panel manufacturing companies have developed rapidly. At present, in display technology, ordinary liquid crystal displays have no technical problems. Next, OLED, QLED and other futures The development of display technology will become the focus.

As Liu Buchen said, BOE’s products have become more and more mature in small-size OLED displays. Next, it is planned to develop flexible and foldable OLED small-size panels, while in large-size OLED displays, including BOE and Huaxing Optoelectronics and other enterprises intend to break through key technologies through the form of cooperative research and development between Chinese and foreign companies to compete in the future display market.

Latest research from Omdia has found that Chinese display maker BOE has led the market in shipments of large area TFT LCD displays in December 2021, both in units and total area shipped. This accounts for nearly one-third of whole unit shipments, as the industry set new records for shipments for the month and year.

Pandemic restrictions impacted demand for and spending across home entertainment products with display shipments of TV and IT devices experiencing a growth surge. The total of large area TFT display shipments rose to a record 89.4 million square meters in December, reflecting a 4 percent month-on-month increase over November, as well as 5 percent Year on Year growth (YoY), Omdia reported in its latest Large Area Display Market Tracker.

For the full year, large area TFT LCD shipments increased with 9 percent YoY by units and 4 percent YoY by area, reaching 962.7 million units and 228.8 million square meters shipped in 2021, both historical highs and marking the first time the industry has ever shipped more than 900 million units in a year.

Among display makers, China"s BOE took the largest shares for both units and total area shipped in 2021. BOE took 31.5 percent for units shipped and 26.2 percent for area shipped, marking the first time one maker has captured over 31 percent market share for whole unit shipments and 26 percent share for whole area shipments in large area TFT LCD history.

Beyond BOE, Innolux took 15.4 percent market share for large area TFT LCD unit shipments, followed by LG Display with 13.4 percent in 2021. For total area shipped, China Star took 15.8 percent as second largest maker after BOE, followed by LG Display in third with 11.9 percent in 2021.

Strong demand particularly for mobile PC LCD during the pandemic increased notebook PC LCD unit shipments in 2021, rising 26 percent YoY. Tablet PC LCD unit shipments also rose 7 percent YoY last year. On the other hand, the LCD TV display segment saw unit shipments fall 4 percent YoY due to a slowdown in demand in 3Q21. But ongoing LCD TV size migration in favor of larger screens meant that total LCD TV display area shipped increased 2 percent YoY in 2021 despite the drop in unit shipments.

Large area TFT LCD revenue increased 34 percent YoY in 2021 and reached US$85.2 billion, also setting a record and the first time large area TFT LCD revenue has ever exceeded $80 billion. Strong demand and size migration to larger screens during COVID-19 pandemic combined with display price hikes up until 3Q21 to drive the high revenue number.

YoonSung Chung, senior research manager for large area displays and supply chain at Omdia, commented: "Display makers waited for results from Black Friday sales to set their early 2022 sales and pricing strategies. However, results seem to fall short of expectations for LCD TVs. LCD TV display buyers will price LCD TV displays more aggressively in the coming months.

"While demand for IT displays is weakening, panel makers’ supply plans are ambitious. Unless panel makers adjust their fab utilisation, price erosions could imminently worsen for large area display applications, including monitor and notebook PC LCDs. Omdia expects the LCD TV panel prices to reach the price bottom in 1H 2022 and then gradually rebound based on the market demand recovery."

Powertip has grown to become a leading manufacturer of small to mid-size full color TFT and monochrome displays as well as resistive and capacitive touch panels. Powertip is headquartered in Taichung, Taiwan with production facilities located in Taiwan and Nanjing, China. Powertip’s product offerings address major industries to include medical, industrial, automotive, consumer, white goods, communications, test and measurement and gas pumps / parking meters.

Powertip’s manufacturing capabilities comprise Surface Mount Technology (SMT), Chip-On-Board (COB), Chip-On-Glass (COG), Chip-On-Flex (COF), Tape Automated Bonding (TAB) and screen printing. Production of a typical LCD panel would require Powertip to take Mother Glass, scribe, cut, fill the cells with liquid crystal and then seal the two sandwiched glass panels. Powertip would then add polarizers, color filters and all other required backend manufacturing processes to create a completed LCD module to specification.

Products: LED full-color display, LED panel TV, system display products, LED creative display products, LED lighting products, LED backlight signage system

Unilumin production base in Shenzhen, China, has a fully independent standard factory building covering over 40,000 square meters and a modern fully automated assembly line with all facilities and equipment.

Unilumin has a stable monthly production capacity of more than 5,000 square meters, making its professional R&D and production capacity second to none in China.

After 20 years of development, it has 15 member companies (including four overseas subsidiaries), 40,000 square meters of LED display production and R&D base, 70+ service outlets, and 7×24-hour comprehensive service.

covering about 50,000 square meters, with a total investment of more than 350 million yuan in automated precision production equipment, and was an official sponsor of the China Super League and a strategic partner of the China Football Association from 2011 to 2016.

Products: LED full-color display, LED panel TV, system display products, LED creative display products, LED lighting products, LED backlight signage system

Unilumin production base in Shenzhen, China, has a fully independent standard factory building covering over 40,000 square meters and a modern fully automated assembly line with all facilities and equipment.

Unilumin has a stable monthly production capacity of more than 5,000 square meters, making its professional R&D and production capacity second to none in China.

After 20 years of development, it has 15 member companies (including four overseas subsidiaries), 40,000 square meters of LED display production and R&D base, 70+ service outlets, and 7×24-hour comprehensive service.

covering about 50,000 square meters, with a total investment of more than 350 million yuan in automated precision production equipment, and was an official sponsor of the China Super League and a strategic partner of the China Football Association from 2011 to 2016.

Products: Small pitch LED display, indoor and outdoor full-color LED module, rental LED screen, DIP LED screen, single and double color screen, LED Encapsulation packaging, LED lighting fixtures.

Now Chontdo has more than 20,000 square meters of self-built factories and production bases with modern equipment and 32 direct and sales service organizations throughout the country.

The Jiangxi production base (Jiangxi Teeho Optoelectronics Co., Ltd.) has a registered capital of 30 million yuan, covers more than 25,000 square meters, and employs more than 500 people.

The two production bases are equipped with modern, fully automatic assembly lines with complete facilities, with a monthly production capacity of more than 20,000 square meters.

Products: LED outdoor full-color display, LED outdoor full-color rental screen, LED outdoor full-color module, creative LED display, LED display accessories.

Now Chontdo has more than 20,000 square meters of self-built factories and production bases with modern equipment and 32 direct and sales service organizations throughout the country.

Hatress registered capital of USD 59,494,500 and a total investment of USD 15,000,000, the optoelectronic business group of Hatress Enterprise is located in the mid-to-high-end LED full-color display integrated solutions and LED packaging devices, LED lighting suppliers.

The Jiangxi production base (Jiangxi Teeho Optoelectronics Co., Ltd.) has a registered capital of 30 million yuan, covers more than 25,000 square meters, and employs more than 500 people.

The two production bases are equipped with modern, fully automatic assembly lines with complete facilities, with a monthly production capacity of more than 20,000 square meters.

Ming Chang has a registered capital of 10 million yuan and a factory area of 12,000 square meters, located on the golden road of G107 in Baoan District, close to Qianhai Development Zone; nearly 400 employees and a daily capacity of 40KK SMD points.

After 20 years of development, it has 15 member companies (including four overseas subsidiaries), 40,000 square meters of LED display production and R&D base, 70+ service outlets, and 7×24-hour comprehensive service.

Unilumin production base in Shenzhen, China, has a fully independent standard factory building covering over 40,000 square meters and a modern fully automated assembly line with all facilities and equipment.

Unilumin has a stable monthly production capacity of more than 5,000 square meters, making its professional R&D and production capacity second to none in China.

Products: LED outdoor full-color display, LED outdoor full-color rental screen, LED outdoor full-color module, creative LED display, LED display accessories.

Sage LED has a modern R & R&D base and production workshop, equipped with world-class advanced numerical control equipment, to fully automated the whole set of processes from the plug-in, SMD, potting to assembly and aging.

Shenzhen headquarters has a standard 100,000 class clean packaging production plant, with a full set of advanced solid crystal, welding line, sealing, SMD, and other advanced equipment and many automatic production lines and injection molding production lines.

Products: Small pitch LED display, indoor and outdoor full-color LED module, rental LED screen, DIP LED screen, single and double color screen, LED Encapsulation packaging, LED lighting fixtures.

Now Chontdo has more than 20,000 square meters of self-built factories and production bases with modern equipment and 32 direct and sales service organizations throughout the country.

Kingaurora, with a registered capital of 30 million yuan and a production plant area of 12,000 square meters, Kingaurora is a national high-tech enterprise specializing in the research, development, production, and sales of LED packaging indoor and outdoor LED display applications.

Kingaurora established a subsidiary in the United States in June 2015 and successfully landed on the New Third Board (stock code: 871074) in March 2017.

The Shenzhen manufacturing base is located in Zhongtai Information Technology Industrial Park, Baoan District, Shenzhen, covering 3,000 square meters.

Headquarter located in Shiyan Town, the manufacturing center of the Shenzhen LED industry, M-shine’s modern industry factory covers 8,000 square meters of ISO14000 and ISO9001 certificated.

Gloshine is a professional and high-tech company engaged in indoor and outdoor full-color LED displays related to the research, development, production, sales of products.

GLOSHINE head office is located in Shenzhen, and the factory area is more than 20,000 square meters. Meanwhile, we have several branch offices all over China like Beijing, Shanghai, and Chengdu, etc.

GLOSHINE has powerful productivity with over 20,000 square meters of LED Screen produced per month. These products mainly include an indoor and an outdoor full-color LED screen that can be used for rental, media, and other fields.

Products: Small pitch LED display, LED court screen, double-sided LED display, LED creative screen, LED shaped screen, LED arc screen, LED spherical screen, LED round screen, full-color LED display.

Esdlumen is located in LianTronics Bldg., Antongda Industrial Zone, 3rd Liuxian Rd, 68 Block Baoan, Shenzhen China, and 75 million yuan and an operating area of 30 thousand square meters.

Aimin focuses on developing and manufacturing indoor and outdoor single and double color full color LED display, solar lawn light, indoor and outdoor lighting, and other products, which have been exported to Europe, America, and Southeast Asia countries and regions.

Products: Module series: indoor single and double color series,outdoor single color series, outdoor full-color series LED module, LED power supply, LED control system

Products: LED display, LED module and accessories, outdoor full-color P10/P8/P6/P5, door full-color P10/P13/P16, P10 red, white, F3.75 red, white color LED module.

Unilumin production base in Shenzhen, China, has a fully independent standard factory building covering over 40,000 square meters and a modern fully automated assembly line with all facilities and equipment.

Unilumin has a stable monthly production capacity of more than 5,000 square meters, making its professional R&D and production capacity second to none in China.

Products: LED full-color display, LED panel TV, system display products, LED creative display products, LED lighting products, LED backlight signage system

Products: Fine pixel pitch LED display, Indoor dual-color screen, outdoor full-color screen, indoor full-color screen, outdoor dual color screen, indoor-outdoor monochrome screen.

covering about 50,000 square meters, with a total investment of more than 350 million yuan in automated precision production equipment, and was an official sponsor of the China Super League and a strategic partner of the China Football Association from 2011 to 2016.

After 20 years of development, it has 15 member companies (including four overseas subsidiaries), 40,000 square meters of LED display production and R&D base, 70+ service outlets, and 7×24-hour comprehensive service.

Glass substrate with ITO electrodes. The shapes of these electrodes will determine the shapes that will appear when the LCD is switched ON. Vertical ridges etched on the surface are smooth.

A liquid-crystal display (LCD) is a flat-panel display or other electronically modulated optical device that uses the light-modulating properties of liquid crystals combined with polarizers. Liquid crystals do not emit light directlybacklight or reflector to produce images in color or monochrome.seven-segment displays, as in a digital clock, are all good examples of devices with these displays. They use the same basic technology, except that arbitrary images are made from a matrix of small pixels, while other displays have larger elements. LCDs can either be normally on (positive) or off (negative), depending on the polarizer arrangement. For example, a character positive LCD with a backlight will have black lettering on a background that is the color of the backlight, and a character negative LCD will have a black background with the letters being of the same color as the backlight. Optical filters are added to white on blue LCDs to give them their characteristic appearance.

LCDs are used in a wide range of applications, including LCD televisions, computer monitors, instrument panels, aircraft cockpit displays, and indoor and outdoor signage. Small LCD screens are common in LCD projectors and portable consumer devices such as digital cameras, watches, digital clocks, calculators, and mobile telephones, including smartphones. LCD screens are also used on consumer electronics products such as DVD players, video game devices and clocks. LCD screens have replaced heavy, bulky cathode-ray tube (CRT) displays in nearly all applications. LCD screens are available in a wider range of screen sizes than CRT and plasma displays, with LCD screens available in sizes ranging from tiny digital watches to very large television receivers. LCDs are slowly being replaced by OLEDs, which can be easily made into different shapes, and have a lower response time, wider color gamut, virtually infinite color contrast and viewing angles, lower weight for a given display size and a slimmer profile (because OLEDs use a single glass or plastic panel whereas LCDs use two glass panels; the thickness of the panels increases with size but the increase is more noticeable on LCDs) and potentially lower power consumption (as the display is only "on" where needed and there is no backlight). OLEDs, however, are more expensive for a given display size due to the very expensive electroluminescent materials or phosphors that they use. Also due to the use of phosphors, OLEDs suffer from screen burn-in and there is currently no way to recycle OLED displays, whereas LCD panels can be recycled, although the technology required to recycle LCDs is not yet widespread. Attempts to maintain the competitiveness of LCDs are quantum dot displays, marketed as SUHD, QLED or Triluminos, which are displays with blue LED backlighting and a Quantum-dot enhancement film (QDEF) that converts part of the blue light into red and green, offering similar performance to an OLED display at a lower price, but the quantum dot layer that gives these displays their characteristics can not yet be recycled.

Since LCD screens do not use phosphors, they rarely suffer image burn-in when a static image is displayed on a screen for a long time, e.g., the table frame for an airline flight schedule on an indoor sign. LCDs are, however, susceptible to image persistence.battery-powered electronic equipment more efficiently than a CRT can be. By 2008, annual sales of televisions with LCD screens exceeded sales of CRT units worldwide, and the CRT became obsolete for most purposes.

Each pixel of an LCD typically consists of a layer of molecules aligned between two transparent electrodes, often made of Indium-Tin oxide (ITO) and two polarizing filters (parallel and perpendicular polarizers), the axes of transmission of which are (in most of the cases) perpendicular to each other. Without the liquid crystal between the polarizing filters, light passing through the first filter would be blocked by the second (crossed) polarizer. Before an electric field is applied, the orientation of the liquid-crystal molecules is determined by the alignment at the surfaces of electrodes. In a twisted nematic (TN) device, the surface alignment directions at the two electrodes are perpendicular to each other, and so the molecules arrange themselves in a helical structure, or twist. This induces the rotation of the polarization of the incident light, and the device appears gray. If the applied voltage is large enough, the liquid crystal molecules in the center of the layer are almost completely untwisted and the polarization of the incident light is not rotated as it passes through the liquid crystal layer. This light will then be mainly polarized perpendicular to the second filter, and thus be blocked and the pixel will appear black. By controlling the voltage applied across the liquid crystal layer in each pixel, light can be allowed to pass through in varying amounts thus constituting different levels of gray.

The chemical formula of the liquid crystals used in LCDs may vary. Formulas may be patented.Sharp Corporation. The patent that covered that specific mixture expired.

Most color LCD systems use the same technique, with color filters used to generate red, green, and blue subpixels. The LCD color filters are made with a photolithography process on large glass sheets that are later glued with other glass sheets containing a TFT array, spacers and liquid crystal, creating several color LCDs that are then cut from one another and laminated with polarizer sheets. Red, green, blue and black photoresists (resists) are used. All resists contain a finely ground powdered pigment, with particles being just 40 nanometers across. The black resist is the first to be applied; this will create a black grid (known in the industry as a black matrix) that will separate red, green and blue subpixels from one another, increasing contrast ratios and preventing light from leaking from one subpixel onto other surrounding subpixels.Super-twisted nematic LCD, where the variable twist between tighter-spaced plates causes a varying double refraction birefringence, thus changing the hue.

LCD in a Texas Instruments calculator with top polarizer removed from device and placed on top, such that the top and bottom polarizers are perpendicular. As a result, the colors are inverted.

The optical effect of a TN device in the voltage-on state is far less dependent on variations in the device thickness than that in the voltage-off state. Because of this, TN displays with low information content and no backlighting are usually operated between crossed polarizers such that they appear bright with no voltage (the eye is much more sensitive to variations in the dark state than the bright state). As most of 2010-era LCDs are used in television sets, monitors and smartphones, they have high-resolution matrix arrays of pixels to display arbitrary images using backlighting with a dark background. When no image is displayed, different arrangements are used. For this purpose, TN LCDs are operated between parallel polarizers, whereas IPS LCDs feature crossed polarizers. In many applications IPS LCDs have replaced TN LCDs, particularly in smartphones. Both the liquid crystal material and the alignment layer material contain ionic compounds. If an electric field of one particular polarity is applied for a long period of time, this ionic material is attracted to the surfaces and degrades the device performance. This is avoided either by applying an alternating current or by reversing the polarity of the electric field as the device is addressed (the response of the liquid crystal layer is identical, regardless of the polarity of the applied field).

Displays for a small number of individual digits or fixed symbols (as in digital watches and pocket calculators) can be implemented with independent electrodes for each segment.alphanumeric or variable graphics displays are usually implemented with pixels arranged as a matrix consisting of electrically connected rows on one side of the LC layer and columns on the other side, which makes it possible to address each pixel at the intersections. The general method of matrix addressing consists of sequentially addressing one side of the matrix, for example by selecting the rows one-by-one and applying the picture information on the other side at the columns row-by-row. For details on the various matrix addressing schemes see passive-matrix and active-matrix addressed LCDs.

LCDs, along with OLED displays, are manufactured in cleanrooms borrowing techniques from semiconductor manufacturing and using large sheets of glass whose size has increased over time. Several displays are manufactured at the same time, and then cut from the sheet of glass, also known as the mother glass or LCD glass substrate. The increase in size allows more displays or larger displays to be made, just like with increasing wafer sizes in semiconductor manufacturing. The glass sizes are as follows:

Until Gen 8, manufacturers would not agree on a single mother glass size and as a result, different manufacturers would use slightly different glass sizes for the same generation. Some manufacturers have adopted Gen 8.6 mother glass sheets which are only slightly larger than Gen 8.5, allowing for more 50 and 58 inch LCDs to be made per mother glass, specially 58 inch LCDs, in which case 6 can be produced on a Gen 8.6 mother glass vs only 3 on a Gen 8.5 mother glass, significantly reducing waste.AGC Inc., Corning Inc., and Nippon Electric Glass.

In 1922, Georges Friedel described the structure and properties of liquid crystals and classified them in three types (nematics, smectics and cholesterics). In 1927, Vsevolod Frederiks devised the electrically switched light valve, called the Fréedericksz transition, the essential effect of all LCD technology. In 1936, the Marconi Wireless Telegraph company patented the first practical application of the technology, "The Liquid Crystal Light Valve". In 1962, the first major English language publication Molecular Structure and Properties of Liquid Crystals was published by Dr. George W. Gray.RCA found that liquid crystals had some interesting electro-optic characteristics and he realized an electro-optical effect by generating stripe-patterns in a thin layer of liquid crystal material by the application of a voltage. This effect is based on an electro-hydrodynamic instability forming what are now called "Williams domains" inside the liquid crystal.

In the late 1960s, pioneering work on liquid crystals was undertaken by the UK"s Royal Radar Establishment at Malvern, England. The team at RRE supported ongoing work by George William Gray and his team at the University of Hull who ultimately discovered the cyanobiphenyl liquid crystals, which had correct stability and temperature properties for application in LCDs.

The idea of a TFT-based liquid-crystal display (LCD) was conceived by Bernard Lechner of RCA Laboratories in 1968.dynamic scattering mode (DSM) LCD that used standard discrete MOSFETs.

On December 4, 1970, the twisted nematic field effect (TN) in liquid crystals was filed for patent by Hoffmann-LaRoche in Switzerland, (Swiss patent No. 532 261) with Wolfgang Helfrich and Martin Schadt (then working for the Central Research Laboratories) listed as inventors.Brown, Boveri & Cie, its joint venture partner at that time, which produced TN displays for wristwatches and other applications during the 1970s for the international markets including the Japanese electronics industry, which soon produced the first digital quartz wristwatches with TN-LCDs and numerous other products. James Fergason, while working with Sardari Arora and Alfred Saupe at Kent State University Liquid Crystal Institute, filed an identical patent in the United States on April 22, 1971.ILIXCO (now LXD Incorporated), produced LCDs based on the TN-effect, which soon superseded the poor-quality DSM types due to improvements of lower operating voltages and lower power consumption. Tetsuro Hama and Izuhiko Nishimura of Seiko received a US patent dated February 1971, for an electronic wristwatch incorporating a TN-LCD.

In 1972, the concept of the active-matrix thin-film transistor (TFT) liquid-crystal display panel was prototyped in the United States by T. Peter Brody"s team at Westinghouse, in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.Westinghouse Research Laboratories demonstrated the first thin-film-transistor liquid-crystal display (TFT LCD).high-resolution and high-quality electronic visual display devices use TFT-based active matrix displays.active-matrix liquid-crystal display (AM LCD) in 1974, and then Brody coined the term "active matrix" in 1975.

In 1972 North American Rockwell Microelectronics Corp introduced the use of DSM LCDs for calculators for marketing by Lloyds Electronics Inc, though these required an internal light source for illumination.Sharp Corporation followed with DSM LCDs for pocket-sized calculators in 1973Seiko and its first 6-digit TN-LCD quartz wristwatch, and Casio"s "Casiotron". Color LCDs based on Guest-Host interaction were invented by a team at RCA in 1968.TFT LCDs similar to the prototypes developed by a Westinghouse team in 1972 were patented in 1976 by a team at Sharp consisting of Fumiaki Funada, Masataka Matsuura, and Tomio Wada,

In 1983, researchers at Brown, Boveri & Cie (BBC) Research Center, Switzerland, invented the passive matrix-addressed LCDs. H. Amstutz et al. were listed as inventors in the corresponding patent applications filed in Switzerland on July 7, 1983, and October 28, 1983. Patents were granted in Switzerland CH 665491, Europe EP 0131216,

The first color LCD televisions were developed as handheld televisions in Japan. In 1980, Hattori Seiko"s R&D group began development on color LCD pocket televisions.Seiko Epson released the first LCD television, the Epson TV Watch, a wristwatch equipped with a small active-matrix LCD television.dot matrix TN-LCD in 1983.Citizen Watch,TFT LCD.computer monitors and LCD televisions.3LCD projection technology in the 1980s, and licensed it for use in projectors in 1988.compact, full-color LCD projector.

In 1990, under different titles, inventors conceived electro optical effects as alternatives to twisted nematic field effect LCDs (TN- and STN- LCDs). One approach was to use interdigital electrodes on one glass substrate only to produce an electric field essentially parallel to the glass substrates.Germany by Guenter Baur et al. and patented in various countries.Hitachi work out various practical details of the IPS technology to interconnect the thin-film transistor array as a matrix and to avoid undesirable stray fields in between pixels.

Hitachi also improved the viewing angle dependence further by optimizing the shape of the electrodes (Super IPS). NEC and Hitachi become early manufacturers of active-matrix addressed LCDs based on the IPS technology. This is a milestone for implementing large-screen LCDs having acceptable visual performance for flat-panel computer monitors and television screens. In 1996, Samsung developed the optical patterning technique that enables multi-domain LCD. Multi-domain and In Plane Switching subsequently remain the dominant LCD designs through 2006.South Korea and Taiwan,

In 2007 the image quality of LCD televisions surpassed the image quality of cathode-ray-tube-based (CRT) TVs.LCD TVs were projected to account 50% of the 200 million TVs to be shipped globally in 2006, according to Displaybank.Toshiba announced 2560 × 1600 pixels on a 6.1-inch (155 mm) LCD panel, suitable for use in a tablet computer,transparent and flexible, but they cannot emit light without a backlight like OLED and microLED, which are other technologies that can also be made flexible and transparent.

In 2016, Panasonic developed IPS LCDs with a contrast ratio of 1,000,000:1, rivaling OLEDs. This technology was later put into mass production as dual layer, dual panel or LMCL (Light Modulating Cell Layer) LCDs. The technology uses 2 liquid crystal layers instead of one, and may be used along with a mini-LED backlight and quantum dot sheets.

Since LCDs produce no light of their own, they require external light to produce a visible image.backlight. Active-matrix LCDs are almost always backlit.Transflective LCDs combine the features of a backlit transmissive display and a reflective display.

CCFL: The LCD panel is lit either by two cold cathode fluorescent lamps placed at opposite edges of the display or an array of parallel CCFLs behind larger displays. A diffuser (made of PMMA acrylic plastic, also known as a wave or light guide/guiding plateinverter to convert whatever DC voltage the device uses (usually 5 or 12 V) to ≈1000 V needed to light a CCFL.

EL-WLED: The LCD panel is lit by a row of white LEDs placed at one or more edges of the screen. A light diffuser (light guide plate, LGP) is then used to spread the light evenly across the whole display, similarly to edge-lit CCFL LCD backlights. The diffuser is made out of either PMMA plastic or special glass, PMMA is used in most cases because it is rugged, while special glass is used when the thickness of the LCD is of primary concern, because it doesn"t expand as much when heated or exposed to moisture, which allows LCDs to be just 5mm thick. Quantum dots may be placed on top of the diffuser as a quantum dot enhancement film (QDEF, in which case they need a layer to be protected from heat and humidity) or on the color filter of the LCD, replacing the resists that are normally used.

WLED array: The LCD panel is lit by a full array of white LEDs placed behind a diffuser behind the panel. LCDs that use this implementation will usually have the ability to dim or completely turn off the LEDs in the dark areas of the image being displayed, effectively increasing the contrast ratio of the display. The precision with which this can be done will depend on the number of dimming zones of the display. The more dimming zones, the more precise the dimming, with less obvious blooming artifacts which are visible as dark grey patches surrounded by the unlit areas of the LCD. As of 2012, this design gets most of its use from upscale, larger-screen LCD televisions.

RGB-LED array: Similar to the WLED array, except the panel is lit by a full array of RGB LEDs. While displays lit with white LEDs usually have a poorer color gamut than CCFL lit displays, panels lit with RGB LEDs have very wide color gamuts. This implementation is most popular on professional graphics editing LCDs. As of 2012, LCDs in this category usually cost more than $1000. As of 2016 the cost of this category has drastically reduced and such LCD televisions obtained same price levels as the former 28" (71 cm) CRT based categories.

Monochrome LEDs: such as red, green, yellow or blue LEDs are used in the small passive monochrome LCDs typically used in clocks, watches and small appliances.

Mini-LED: Backlighting with Mini-LEDs can support over a thousand of Full-area Local Area Dimming (FLAD) zones. This allows deeper blacks and higher contrast ratio.MicroLED.)

Today, most LCD screens are being designed with an LED backlight instead of the traditional CCFL backlight, while that backlight is dynamically controlled with the video information (dynamic backlight control). The combination with the dynamic backlight control, invented by Philips researchers Douglas Stanton, Martinus Stroomer and Adrianus de Vaan, simultaneously increases the dynamic range of the display system (also marketed as HDR, high dynamic range television or FLAD, full-area local area dimming).

The LCD backlight systems are made highly efficient by applying optical films such as prismatic structure (prism sheet) to gain the light into the desired viewer directions and reflective polarizing films that recycle the polarized light that was formerly absorbed by the first polarizer of the LCD (invented by Philips researchers Adrianus de Vaan and Paulus Schaareman