what laser pointer works on lcd screen free sample

But, times have changed. We now know that pointing a traditional physical laser at a TV can damage the screen’s pixels, causing them to die and turn black.

Not only will digital lasers not harm your TV, but they are also safer than their physical counterparts since they won’t blind you if shone in your eye!

ASiNG Advanced Digital Laser Presentation Remote - Red Laser Presentation Pointers with Function of Spotlighting, Highlighting, Magnifying, Air Mouse...

Norwii N95 Presentation Remote Designed for LED LCD Screen, Digital/Physical Laser Pointer & Air Mouse Presenter Pointer 3 Type Presenters, Support...

ASiNG Advanced Digital Laser Presentation Remote - Red Laser Presentation Pointers with Function of Spotlighting, Highlighting, Magnifying, Air Mouse...

Norwii N95 Presentation Remote Designed for LED LCD Screen, Digital/Physical Laser Pointer & Air Mouse Presenter Pointer 3 Type Presenters, Support...

If you’re new to the world of digital lasers, what they are, and how they work, check out our article Can You Use a Laser Pointer on a TV Screen (LED/LCD)?

But, one question remains: which digital laser pointer should accompany you to your next company meeting? You head to Amazon but, to an untrained eye, they all look the same.

We’ve compiled a list of the three best digital laser pointers for 2022, complete with a Buyer’s Guide so you know what to look for in this new and improved presentation aid.

Simply download the Logitech presentation app where you can customize your remote’s timer to buzz when you have a few minutes left of your presentation, then again when your time has run out.

You can also change the pointer from a spotlight, which magnifies items on-screen, to a small outline of a circle, which comes in handy with busy charts.

ASiNG Advanced Digital Laser Presentation Remote - Red Laser Presentation Pointers with Function of Spotlighting, Highlighting, Magnifying, Air Mouse...

Highlight areas of the screen with its spotlight mode or point at items on-screen with its pointer mode, which looks like a traditional laser’s red dot.

Like the Logitech remote, it also has a cursor feature. So you can select clickable icons on-screen even if you’re meters away from your laptop or tablet.

I may not be much of a talker, but when nerves get the best of me, I begin to ramble. Luckily, this remote has a time management feature to keep you on track by displaying a digital countdown timer.

The forgetful presenters out there will appreciate this gadget’s anti-lost function which reminds you to unplug the remote’s USB dongle from your laptop once your presentation has finished.

Norwii N95 Presentation Remote Designed for LED LCD Screen, Digital/Physical Laser Pointer & Air Mouse Presenter Pointer 3 Type Presenters, Support...

Sleek and simple is the name of the game for this Norwii N95 Presentation Remote. Its design is similar to that of the Logitech remote but at a slightly lower price point.

You can change the pointer mode by double-clicking the pointer key, so you can switch from highlight mode, to pointer mode, to magnifier mode in the middle of your presentation.

The blackout screen feature is particularly impactful since few people enjoy seeing the “End of slide show, click to exit” screen at the end of a PowerPoint presentation.

It’s important to differentiate between digital lasers and wireless ones. Digital ones display a spotlight or dot on the TV screen, preventing any damage to the screen’s pixels.

So, while they do connect to your laptop via a USB dongle, allowing you to use the remote to change slides and control other features, they do not display a digital laser.

There’s so much to consider when purchasing a digital laser pointer and with all of the remotes listed above being excellent choices, it’s hard to choose a definite winner.

ASiNG Advanced Digital Laser Presentation Remote - Red Laser Presentation Pointers with Function of Spotlighting, Highlighting, Magnifying, Air Mouse...

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All of the light is being reflected. (That"s why the dot is very strong when you point it straight towards the monitor - the light is being reflected into your eyes)

LCD screens (even ones with anti-glare coatings) have very specular reflections as they are panes of glass. A glossy monitor will reflect your laser pointer near-perfectly. What you describe as the light "getting lost in the screen" is just the light reflecting away. If you point the laser down towards a screen you might be able to see the laser reflected onto the floor/table.

And there lies the problem, any laser powerful enough to project a visible dot at all angles will be powerful enough to be very uncomfortable to whomever gets hit by the reflection (and even worse if someone is unfortunate enough to get the direct beam).

Our digital zoom microscope allows your to view your sample without having to look through eyepieces. The image is displayed on the 10.4" color LCD monitor which is ideal for group viewing, and eliminating fatigue from viewing through the eyepieces. The system includes a built in ring light and laser pointer so that you can place your sample directly in the field of view. Furthermore this system allows for output to your own monitor or computer. This easy to use and operate system is an all-in-one design producing sharp, high quality images.

A laser pointer or laser pen is a small handheld device with a power source (usually a battery) and a laser diode emitting a very narrow coherent low-powered laser beam of visible light, intended to be used to highlight something of interest by illuminating it with a small bright spot of colored light.

The small width of the beam and low power of typical laser pointers make the beam itself invisible in a clean atmosphere, only showing a point of light when striking an opaque surface. Laser pointers can project a visible beam via scattering from dust particles or water droplets along the beam path. Higher-power and higher-frequency green or blue lasers may produce a beam visible even in clean air because of Rayleigh scattering from air molecules, especially when viewed in moderately-to-dimly lit conditions. The intensity of such scattering increases when these beams are viewed from angles near the beam axis. Such pointers, particularly in the green-light output range, are used as astronomical object pointers for teaching purposes.

Laser pointers make a potent signaling tool, even in daylight, and are able to produce a bright signal for potential search and rescue vehicles using an inexpensive, small and lightweight device of the type that could be routinely carried in an emergency kit.

There are significant safety concerns with the use of laser pointers. Most jurisdictions have restrictions on lasers above 5 mW. If aimed at a person"s eyes, laser pointers can cause temporary visual disturbances or even severe damage to vision. There are reports in the medical literature documenting permanent injury to the macula and the subsequent permanent loss of vision after laser light from a laser pointer was shone at a human"s eyes. In rare cases, a dot of light from a red laser pointer may be thought to be due to a laser gunsight.

The low-cost availability of infrared (IR) diode laser modules of up to 1000 mW (1 watt) output has created a generation of IR-pumped, frequency doubled, green, blue, and violet diode-pumped solid-state laser pointers with visible power up to 300 mW. Because the invisible IR component in the beams of these visible lasers is difficult to filter out, and also because filtering it contributes extra heat which is difficult to dissipate in a small pocket "laser pointer" package, it is often left as a beam component in cheaper high-power pointers. This invisible IR component causes a degree of extra potential hazard in these devices when pointed at nearby objects and people.

Early laser pointers were helium–neon (HeNe) gas lasers and generated laser radiation at 633 nanometers (nm), usually designed to produce a laser beam with an output power under 1 milliwatt (mW). The least expensive laser pointers use a deep-red laser diode near the 650 nm wavelength. Slightly more expensive ones use a red-orange 635 nm diode, more easily visible because of the greater sensitivity of the human eye at 635 nm. Other colors are possible too, with the 532 nm green laser being the most common alternative. Yellow-orange laser pointers, at 593.5 nm, later became available. In September 2005 handheld blue laser pointers at 473 nm became available. In early 2010 "Blu-ray" (actually violet) laser pointers at 405 nm went on sale.

The apparent brightness of a spot from a laser beam depends on the optical power of the laser, the reflectivity of the surface, and the chromatic response of the human eye. For the same optical power, green laser light will seem brighter than other colors, because the human eye is most sensitive at low light levels in the green region of the spectrum (wavelength 520–570 nm). Sensitivity decreases for longer (redder) and shorter (bluer) wavelengths.

The output power of a laser pointer is usually stated in milliwatts (mW). In the U.S., lasers are classified by the American National Standards InstituteFood and Drug Administration (FDA)—see Laser safety#Classification for details. Visible laser pointers (400–700 nm) operating at less than 1 mW power are Class 2 or II, and visible laser pointers operating with 1–5 mW power are Class 3A or IIIa. Class 3B or IIIb lasers generate between 5 and 500 mW; Class 4 or IV lasers generate more than 500 mW. The US FDA Code of Federal Regulations stipulates that "demonstration laser products" such as pointers must comply with applicable requirements for Class I, II, IIIA, IIIB, or IV devices.

Green laser pointersdiode-pumped solid-state frequency-doubled, DPSSFD). They are more complex than standard red laser pointers, because laser diodes are not commonly available in this wavelength range. The green light is generated through a multi-step process, usually beginning with a high-power (typically 100–300 mW) infrared aluminium gallium arsenide (AlGaAs) laser diode operating at 808 nm. The 808 nm light pumps a neodymium doped crystal, usually neodymium-doped yttrium orthovanadate (Nd:YVO4) or neodymium-doped yttrium aluminium garnet (Nd:YAG), or, less commonly, neodymium-doped yttrium lithium fluoride (Nd:YLF)), which lases deeper in the infrared at 1064 nm. This lasing action is due to an electronic transition in the fluorescent neodymium ion, Nd(III), which is present in all of these crystals.

Because even a low-powered green laser is visible at night through Rayleigh scattering from air molecules, this type of pointer is used by astronomers to easily point out stars and constellations. Green laser pointers can come in a variety of different output powers. The 5 mW green laser pointers (classes II and IIIa) are the safest to use, and anything more powerful is usually not necessary for pointing purposes, since the beam is still visible in dark lighting conditions.

Blue laser pointers in specific wavelengths such as 473 nm usually have the same basic construction as DPSS green lasers. In 2006 many factories began production of blue laser modules for mass-storage devices, and these were used in laser pointers too. These were DPSS-type frequency-doubled devices. They most commonly emit a beam at 473 nm, which is produced by frequency doubling of 946 nm laser radiation from a diode-pumped Nd:YAG or Nd:YVO4 crystal (Nd-doped crystals usually produce a principal wavelength of 1064 nm, but with the proper reflective coating mirrors can be also made to lase at other "higher harmonic" non-principal neodymium wavelengths). For high output power, BBO crystals are used as frequency doublers; for lower powers, KTP is used. The Japanese company Nichia controlled 80% of the blue-laser-diode market in 2006.

Some vendors are now selling collimated diode blue laser pointers with measured powers exceeding 1,500 mW. However, since the claimed power of "laser pointer" products also includes the IR power (in DPSS technology only) still present in the beam (for reasons discussed below), comparisons on the basis of strictly visual-blue components from DPSS-type lasers remain problematic, and the information is often not available. Because of the higher neodymium harmonic used, and the lower efficiency of frequency-doubling conversion, the fraction of IR power converted to 473 nm blue laser light in optimally configured DPSS modules is typically 10–13%, about half that typical for green lasers (20–30%).

Lasers emitting a violet light beam at 405 nm may be constructed with GaN (gallium nitride) semiconductors. This is close to ultraviolet, bordering on the very extreme of human vision, and can cause bright blue fluorescence, and thus a blue rather than violet spot, on many white surfaces, including white clothing, white paper, and projection screens, due to the widespread use of optical brighteners in the manufacture of products intended to appear brilliantly white — the brighteners are chemical compounds that absorb light in the violet (and ultraviolet) region of the electromagnetic spectrum and re-emit light in the blue region by fluorescence. On ordinary non-fluorescent materials, and also on fog or dust, the color appears as a shade of deep violet that cannot be reproduced on monitors and print. A GaN laser emits 405 nm directly without a frequency doubler, eliminating the possibility of accidental dangerous infrared emission. These laser diodes are mass-produced for the reading and writing of data in Blu-ray drives (although the light emitted by the diodes is not blue, but distinctly violet). In mid-to-late 2011, 405 nm blue-violet laser diode modules with an optical power of 250 mW, based on GaN violet laser diodes made for Blu-ray disc readers, had reached the market from Chinese sources for prices of about US$60 including delivery.

Laser pointers are often used in educational and business presentations and visual demonstrations as an eye-catching pointing device. Laser pointers enhance verbal guidance given to students during surgery. The suggested mechanism of explanation is that the technology enables more precise guidance of location and identification of anatomic structures.

Red laser pointers can be used in almost any indoor or low-light situation where pointing out details by hand may be inconvenient, such as in construction work or interior decorating. Green laser pointers can be used for similar purposes as well as outdoors in daylight or for longer distances.

Laser pointers are used in a wide range of applications. Green laser pointers can also be used for amateur astronomy.Rayleigh scattering and airborne dust,star parties or for conducting lectures in astronomy. Astronomy laser pointers are also commonly mounted on telescopes in order to align the telescope to a specific star or location. Laser alignment is much easier than aligning through using the eyepiece.

Laser pointers are used in industry. For instance, construction companies may use high quality laser pointers to enhance the accuracy of showing specific distances, while working on large-scale projects. They have proven to be useful in this type of business because of their accuracy, which made them significant time-savers. What is essentially a laser pointer may be built into an infrared thermometer to identify where it is pointing, or be part of a laser level or other apparatus.

Laser pointers are used in robotics, for example, for laser guidance to direct the robot to a goal position by means of a laser beam, i.e. showing goal positions to the robot optically instead of communicating them numerically. This intuitive interface simplifies directing the robot while visual feedback improves the positioning accuracy and allows for implicit localization.

Entertainment is one of the other applications that has been found for lasers. The most common use of lasers in entertainment can be seen in special effects used in laser shows. Clubs, parties and outdoor concerts all use high-power lasers, with safety precautions, as a spectacle. Laser shows are often extravagant, using lenses, mirrors and smoke.

Lasers have also become a popular plaything for pets such as cats, ferrets and dogs, whose natural predatory instincts are triggered by the moving laser and will chase it and/or try to catch it as much as possible, but obviously never succeed.

However, laser pointers have few applications beyond actual pointing in the wider entertainment industry, and many venues ban entry to those in possession of pointers as a potential hazard. Very occasionally laser gloves, which are sometimes mistaken for pointers, are seen being worn by professional dancers on stage at shows. Unlike pointers, these usually produce low-power highly divergent beams to ensure eye safety. Laser pointers have been used as props by magicians during magic shows.

As an example of the potential dangers of laser pointers brought in by audience members, at the Tomorrow Land Festival in Belgium in 2009, laser pointers brought in by members of the audience of 200 mW or greater were found to be the cause of eye damage suffered by several other members of the audience according to reports about the incident filed on the ILDA (International Laser Display Association"s) Web site.

Laser pointers can be used in hiking or outdoor activities. Higher-powered laser pointers are bright enough to scare away large wild animals which makes them useful for hiking and camping.

Some militaries use lasers to mark targets at night for aircraft. This is done to ensure that "friendly" and "enemy" targets are not mistaken. A friendly target may wear an IR emitting device that is only visible to those utilizing night vision (such as pilots). To pinpoint the exact location of an enemy combatant, they would simply illuminate the target with a laser beam detectable by the attacking aircraft. This can be one of the most accurate ways of marking targets.

Laser pointers, with their very long range, are often maliciously shone at people to distract or annoy them, or for fun. This is considered particularly hazardous in the case of aircraft pilots, who may be dazzled or distracted at critical times.

Irresponsible use of laser pointers is often frowned upon by members of the laser projector community who fear that their misuse may result in legislation affecting lasers designed to be placed within projectors and used within the entertainment industry. Others involved in activities where dazzling or distraction are dangerous are also a concern.

Another distressing and potentially dangerous misuse of laser pointers is to use them when the dot may reasonably be mistaken for that of a laser gun sight. Armed police have drawn their weapons in such circumstances.

The output of laser pointers available to the general public is limited (and varies by country) in order to prevent accidental damage to the retina of human eyes. The U.K. Health Protection Agency recommended that "laser pointers generally available to the public should be restricted to less than 1 milliwatt as no injuries [like the one reported below to have caused retinal damage] have been reported at this power".

Studies have found that even low-power laser beams of not more than 5 mW can cause permanent retinal damage if gazed at for several seconds; however, the eye"s blink reflex must be intentionally overcome to make this occur. Such laser pointers have reportedly caused afterimages, flash blindness and glare,safe when used as intended.

A high-powered green laser pointer bought over the Internet was reported in 2010 to have caused a decrease of visual acuity from 6/6 to 6/12 (20/20 to 20/40); after two months acuity recovered to 6/6, but some retinal damage remained.anecdotal reports it received of eye injury from laser pointers.

Laser pointers available for purchase online can be capable of significantly higher power output than the pointers typically available in stores. Dubbed "Burning Lasers", these are designed to burn through light plastics and paper, and can have very similar external appearances to their low-power counterparts.

Studies in the early twenty-first century found that the risk to the human eye from accidental exposure to light from commercially available class IIIa laser pointers having powers up to 5 mW seemed rather small; however, prolonged viewing, such as deliberate staring into the beam for 10 or more seconds, can cause damage.

The UK Health Protection Agency warns against the higher-power typically green laser pointers available over the Internet, with power output of up to a few hundred milliwatts, as "extremely dangerous and not suitable for sale to the public."

Lasers classified as pointers are intended to have outputs less than 5 mW total power (Class 3R). At such power levels, an IR filter for a DPSS laser may not be required as the infrared (IR) output is relatively low and the brightness of the visible wavelength of the laser will cause the eye to react (blink reflex). However, higher-powered (> 5 mW) DPSS-type laser pointers have recently become available, usually through sources that do not follow laser safety regulations for laser packaging and labeling. These higher-powered lasers are often packaged in the same pointer-style housings as regular laser pointers, and usually lack the IR filters found in professional high-powered DPSS lasers, because of costs and additional efforts needed to accommodate them.

Though the IR from a DPSS laser is less collimated, the typical neodymium-doped crystals in such lasers do produce a true IR laser beam. The eye will usually react to the higher-powered visible light; however, in higher power DPSS lasers the IR laser output can be significant. What poses a special hazard for this unfiltered IR output is its presence in conjunction with laser safety goggles designed to only block the visible wavelengths of the laser. Red goggles, for example, will block most green light from entering the eyes, but will pass IR light. The reduced light behind the goggles may also cause the pupils to dilate, increasing the hazard to the invisible IR light. Dual-frequency so-called YAG laser eyewear is significantly more expensive than single frequency laser eyewear, and is often not supplied with unfiltered DPSS pointer style lasers, which output 1064 nm IR laser light as well. These potentially hazardous lasers produce little or no visible beam when shone through the eyewear supplied with them, yet their IR-laser output can still be easily seen when viewed with an IR-sensitive video camera.

In addition to the safety hazards of unfiltered IR from DPSS lasers, the IR component may be inclusive of total output figures in some laser pointers.

Though green (532 nm) lasers are most common, IR filtering problems may also exist in other DPSS lasers, such as DPSS red (671 nm), yellow (589 nm) and blue (473 nm) lasers. These DPSS laser wavelengths are usually more exotic, more expensive, and generally manufactured with higher quality components, including filters, unless they are put into laser pointer style pocket-pen packages. Most red (635 nm, 660 nm), violet (405 nm) and darker blue (445 nm) lasers are generally built using dedicated laser diodes at the output frequency, not as DPSS lasers. These diode-based visible lasers do not produce IR light.

In 1998, an audience member shone a laser at Kiss drummer Peter Criss"s eyes while the band was performing "Beth". After performing the song, Criss nearly stormed off the stage, and lead singer Paul Stanley ripped into whomever had been manipulating the laser light:

In every crowd, there"s one or two people who don"t belong [...] Now I know you want to [take] it to school tomorrow when you go to sixth grade, but [you should have left] it at home [before coming] to the show.

According to FIFA stadium safety and security regulations, laser pointers are prohibited items at stadiums during FIFA football tournaments and matches.UEFA.Olympique Lyonnais was fined by UEFA because of a laser pointer beam aimed by a Lyon fan at Cristiano Ronaldo.World Cup final qualifier match held in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia between the home team and the South Korean team, South Korean goalkeeper Lee Woon-Jae was hit in the eye with a green laser beam.2014 World Cup during the final group stage match between Algeria and Russia a green laser beam was directed on the face of Russian goalkeeper Igor Akinfeev. After the match the Algerian Football Federation was fined CHF50,000 (approx. £33,000/€41,100/US$56,200) by FIFA for the use of lasers and other violations of the rules by Algerian fans at the stadium.

In 2009 police in the United Kingdom began tracking the sources of lasers being shone at helicopters at night, logging the source using GPS, using thermal imaging cameras to see the suspect, and even the warm pointer if discarded, and calling in police dog teams. As of 2010 the penalty could be five years" imprisonment.

Despite legislation limiting the output of laser pointers in some countries, higher-power devices are currently produced in other regions and are frequently imported by customers who purchase them directly via Internet mail order. The legality of such transactions is not always clear; typically, the lasers are sold as research or OEM devices (which are not subject to the same power restrictions), with a disclaimer that they are not to be used as pointers. DIY videos are also often posted on Internet video sharing sites like YouTube which explain how to make a high-power laser pointer using the diode from an optical disc burner. As the popularity of these devices increased, manufacturers began manufacturing similar high-powered pointers. Warnings have been published on the dangers of such high-powered lasers.safety features sometimes found on laser modules sold for research purposes.

There have been many incidents regarding, in particular, aircraft, and the authorities in many countries take them extremely seriously. Many people have been convicted and sentenced, sometimes to several years" imprisonment.

In April 2008, citing a series of coordinated attacks on passenger jets in Sydney, the Australian government announced that it would restrict the sale and importation of certain laser items. The government had yet to determine which classes of laser pointers to ban.Victoria and the Australian Capital Territory a laser pointer with an accessible emission limit greater than 1 mW is classified as a prohibited weapon and any sale of such items must be recorded.Wayne Parnell had a laser pointer directed at his eyes when attempting to take a catch, which he dropped. He denied that it was a reason for dropping the ball, but despite this the MCG decided to keep an eye out for the laser pointers. The laser pointer ban only applies to hand-held battery-powered laser devices and not laser modules.

In November 2015 a 14-year-old Tasmanian boy damaged both his eyes after shining a laser pen "... in his eyes for a very brief period of time". He burned his retinas near the macula, the area where most of a persons central vision is located. As a result, the boy has almost immediately lost 75% of his vision, with little hope of recovery.

New regulations controlling the importation and sale of laser pointers (portable, battery-powered) have been established in Canada in 2011 and are governed by Health Canada using the Consumer Protection Act for the prohibition of the sale of Class 3B (IEC) or higher power lasers to "consumers" as defined in the Consumer Protection Act . Canadian federal regulation follows FDA (US Food & Drug Administration) CDRH, and IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission) hazard classification methods where manufacturers comply with the Radiation Emitting Devices Act. As of July 2011 three peoplemischief and assault.

The "RESOLUCIÓN 57151 DE 2016" prohibits the marketing and making available to consumers of laser pointers with output power equal to or greater than one milliwatt (>=1 mW).

Laser pointers are not illegal in Hong Kong but air navigation rules state that it is an offense to exhibit "any light" bright enough to endanger aircraft taking off or landing.

During the 2019–20 Hong Kong protests, laser pointers are being used by protesters to confuse police officers and scramble facial recognition cameras. On August 6, 5 off-duty police officers arrested Baptist University student union president Keith Fong Chung-yin after he purchased 10 laser pointers in Sham Shui Po for possession of "offensive weapons". Fong said he would use the pointers for stargazing, but police described them as “laser guns” whose beams could cause eye injuries. In defence of the arrest, police said that under Hong Kong law the pointers can be deemed “weapons” if they are used in or intended for use in an attack. The incident led to a public outcry. Human rights activist Icarus Wong Ho-yin said that going by the police explanation, “a kitchen worker who buys a few knives can be arrested for being in possession of offensive weapons”. Democratic Party lawmaker and lawyer James To Kun-sun criticized the police for abuse of power. Hundreds of protesters gathered outside the dome of Hong Kong"s Space Museum to put on a “laser show” to denounce police"s claims that these laser pointers were offensive weapons. Fong was released unconditionally two days later.

Before 1998 Class 3A lasers were allowed. In 1998 it became illegal to trade Class 2 laser pointers that are "gadgets" (e.g. ball pens, key chains, business gifts, devices that will end up in children"s possession, parts of toys, etc.). It is still allowed to trade Class 2 (< 1 mW) laser pointers proper, but they have to meet requirements regarding warnings and instructions for safe use in the manual. Trading of Class 3 and higher laser pointers is not allowed.

UK and most of Europe are now harmonized on Class 2 (<1 mW) for General presentation use laser pointers or laser pens. Anything above 1 mW is illegal for sale in the UK (import is unrestricted). Health and Safety regulation insists on use of Class 2 anywhere the public can come in contact with indoor laser light, and the DTI have urged Trading Standards authorities to use their existing powers under the General Product Safety Regulations 2005 to remove lasers above class 2 from the general market.

Since 2010, it is an offence in the UK to shine a light at an aircraft in flight so as to dazzle the pilot, whether intentionally or not, with a maximum penalty of a level 4 fine (currently £2500). It is also an offence to negligently or recklessly endanger an aircraft, with a maximum penalty of five years imprisonment and/or an unlimited fine.

To assist with enforcement, police helicopters use GPS and thermal imaging camera, together with dog teams on the ground, to help locate the offender; the discarded warm laser pointer is often visible on the thermal camera, and its wavelength can be matched to that recorded by an event recorder in the helicopter.

Laser pointers are Class II or Class IIIa devices, with output beam power less than 5 milliwatts (<5 mW). According to U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulations, more powerful lasers may not be sold or promoted as laser pointers.

In Arizona it is a Class 1 misdemeanor if a person "aims a laser pointer at a police officer if the person intentionally or knowingly directs the beam of light from an operating laser pointer at another person and the person knows or reasonably should know that the other person is a police officer." (Arizona Revised Statutes §13-1213)

Public act 257 of 2003 makes it a felony for a person to "manufacture, deliver, possess, transport, place, use, or release" a "harmful electronic or electromagnetic device" for "an unlawful purpose"; also made into a felony is the act of causing "an individual to falsely believe that the individual has been exposed to a... harmful electronic or electromagnetic device."

Public act 328 of 1931 makes it a felony for a person to "sell, offer for sale, or possess" a "portable device or weapon from which an electric current, impulse, wave, or beam may be directed" and is designed "to incapacitate temporarily, injure, or kill".

Public law 264, H.P. 868 - L.D. 1271 criminalizes the knowing, intentional, and/or reckless use of an electronic weapon on another person, defining an electronic weapon as a portable device or weapon emitting an electric current, impulse, beam, or wave with disabling effects on a human being.

Chapter 170 of the Acts of 2004, Section 140 of the General Laws, section 131J states: "No person shall possess a portable device or weapon from which an electric current, impulse, wave or beam may be directed, which current, impulse, wave or beam is designed to incapacitate temporarily, injure or kill, except ... Whoever violates this section shall be punished by a fine of not less than $500 nor more than $1,000 or by imprisonment in the house of correction for not less than 6 months nor more than 2 1/2 years, or by both such fine and imprisonment."

In Utah it is a class C misdemeanor to point a laser pointer at a law enforcement officer and is an infraction to point a laser pointer at a moving vehicle.

In September 2011, GaN diode laser modules capable of operating at 250mW (or 300mW pulse) with a heatsink were offered on eBay in the Industrial Lasers category at around US$60.

Badman, Märit; Höglund, Katja; Höglund, Odd V. (2016). "Student Perceptions of the Use of a Laser Pointer for Intra-Operative Guidance in Feline Castration". 43 (2): 1–3. doi:10.3138/jvme.0515-084r2. PMID 27128854.

Bará, S; Robles, M; Tejelo, I; Marzoa, RI; González, H (2010). "Green laser pointers for visual astronomy: how much power is enough?". 87 (2): 140–4. doi:10.1097/OPX.0b013e3181cc8d8f. PMID 20035242. S2CID 5614966.

Nakagawara, Van B., DO. "Laser Hazards in Navigable Airspace" (PDF). FAA. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 December 2011. Retrieved 15 December 2011.

Wyrsch, Stefan; Baenninger, Philipp B.; Schmid, Martin K. (2010). "Retinal Injuries from a Handheld Laser Pointer". N Engl J Med. 363 (11): 1089–1091. doi:10.1056/NEJMc1005818. PMID 20825327.

Sliney DH, Dennis JE (1994). "Safety concerns about laser pointers". J. Laser Appl. 6 (3): 159–164. Bibcode:1994JLasA...6..159S. doi:10.2351/1.4745352.

Air Navigation Order 2009. For the strict liability offence, see paragraphs 222 and 241(6) and part B of schedule 13 of the Order. For reckless endangerment, see paragraphs 137 and 241(8) and part D of schedule 13 of the Order.

Utah State Legislature 76-10-2501 Unlawful use of a laser pointer Archived 10 July 2008 at the Wayback Machine Most states now have similar laws to Utah"s making some uses of laser pointers (such as pointing one at a police officer or an aircraft (federal law) a crime)

Projector screens are a great way to present movies, video games, TV shows, and business presentations. Their quality, versatility, and (in some cases) portability make projector screens a great option, whether you want a large TV alternative, home theater,or a great presentation to clients.

When picking a projector screen, you need to decide what is valuable to you and what kind of projector screen you need. We"ve made this buying guide to help.

A projector takes an input of videos or images from a computer, media player, camera or TV and shines a light with those images and videos against a projector screen or wall.

A projector screen is a white surface upon which a projector shines its videos or images. For example, you might see one in a home theatre. Or it could be a pull-down screen from the ceiling.

Screen size:Projectors and screens offer a great way to watch high-quality video on a huge scale. Imagine turning your wall into an 80-inch TV with a projector and screen.

Home theater projectors (or home cinema projectors) are used to recreate the viewing experience you have when you go to the movies. If you"re a movie buff, having a home theater projector and an elite screen is the best way to watch films in your home.

Business projectors are great for presentations at the office. Their vibrant light is great for showing illustrations and graphics on projection screens, keeping your clients and coworkers engaged.

DLP stands for Digital Light Processing. DLP projectors use light to reflect off of a chip with lots of tiny mirrors on it. These tiny mirrors enable the projector to produce a sharper image on your projection screen.

Electric projector screens are a common screen type. They use a motor that can automatically roll-down screens for viewing and then roll-up afterward. When it"s not in use, the screen rolls up into its casing and the area the screen used to occupy can be used for other things.

Manual projector screens have to be pulled open manually. It will probably be a manual pull-down screen that starts at the ceiling and is released with a handle. Or, you may have to pull up the projection screen from a floor mount. Manual projector screens are often less expensive than electric projector screens.

Fixed frame projector screens can offer an elite screen to watch movies or television. Fixed frame projector screens are intended to be mounted on a wall permanently, be it in a home theater, auditorium, bedrooms or large board rooms.

Portable projector screens let you take your videos or presentations wherever you need to show them. Some portable projection screens are suitable for outdoor movies, while others make more sense to bring into a conference room. With portable projector screens, ambient light has to be a consideration to make sure your projector images are as clear as possible.

Projector screen paint is used like any other normal paint. In short, you"re painting your projection screen on a flat wall. Projector screen paint can be used when you have a flat, smooth surface.

Ceiling recessed projector screens are mounted within the ceiling. When they"re not in use, the projection screen retracts into a section of the ceiling, hiding the projector from view.

The size of your screen will largely depend on the aspect ratio you choose and the size of your wall. If you want a cinematic feel to your home theatre, screens can get bigger than 100 inches diagonal. But portable projector screens will often be smaller.

Projector screens are great because of their versatility. You can watch live TV, stream shows and movies, invite friends over to watch the big game, play video games on a huge scale or present a deck to your business partners.

Often times, projectors are mounted on a wall or hung from the ceiling. Sometimes they can be placed on a conference table in a boardroom. There are also portable projectors that can be used on the go.

You can buy a high-quality projector screen for well under $1,000, including members-only prices on projector screens on SamsClub.com. SamsClub.com also offers exclusive members-only prices on projectors, too. Prices for projectors will be higher than the screens.

Zoom range determines how big or small your projector"s image will be. Bigger zoom ranges can give you more flexibility on how far you will place your projector from your screen. But the image may be less bright if you use the farthest zoom setting on your projector.

Resolution determines how many pixels are in the image you"re projecting. The more pixels, the higher the resolution, the sharper the image or video you"re viewing.

This may depend on your budget. While LED TVs are much brighter than projectors, LED TVs get expensive for massive, wall-sized screens. For huge, cinematic viewing experiences, a projector may be your best bet.

While projectors can work with most flat surfaces, using projector screen paint would make the image brighter and clearer. Using a screen, though, is the best way to watch a projector.

This page presents laser safety equations and example calculations. These are valid for the type of lasers commonly misused by the general public: laser pointers and commercially available handheld lasers. Specifically, this means lasers emitting visible light (400-700 nanometers) that is continuous (e.g., not pulsed lasers).

Also, these equations assume an unwanted exposure where a person would move and/or close their eyes within 1/4 second of seeing the bright light. This is a standard assumption in the laser safety field. The Maximum Permissible Exposure value for a 1/4 second exposure is therefore applicable. (Injuries have occurred where a person deliberately stared into a laser beam for much longer than 1/4 second. See this list of self-inflicted laser eye injuries for some examples.)

The equations and examples on this page are color coded. Pink represents the power in milliwatts, purple represents the beam divergence in milliradians, and brown represents the Visual Correction Factor. The color coding helps you see where to plug in these values into the equations.

It is easy to calculate the eye hazard distance (NOHD), and the three visual interference distances corresponding to flashblindness, glare and distraction. All you need to know is the laser’s power in milliwatts, the beam divergence in milliradians, and the beam color (from which we determine theVisual Correction Factor).

If you don’t know the beam divergence, use 1 milliradian for lasers under 500 milliwatts in power, and 1.5 milliradians for lasers 500 milliwatts and above. Here are the equations, which are explained in much more detail below.

These calculationsmake some simplifying assumptions which are valid for continuous-wave visible lasers at aircraft distances. The SZED differs from the formula found in FAA Advisory Circular 70-1 by converting watts to milliwatts. This in turn makes the constant under the square root to be “12.7” and not the “1.27” found in AC 70-1

For pilots, an important concept is the Nominal Ocular Hazard Distance. Laser safety experts recommend not having direct eye exposure to a laser’s beam closer than the NOHD for that laser. That’s because the beam’s power density (irradiance) from the laser source to the NOHD exceeds the Maximum Permissible Exposure limit set by scientists of 2.54 milliwatts per square centimeter. Once beyond the NOHD, the beam is considered completely eye safe since the irradiance falls below the MPE limit.

[Technical details: The ANSI Z136.1 laser safety standard sets the Maximum Permissible Exposure to be “a factor of 10 below the 50% damage level.” Exposure at the MPE gives “…a negligible probability of damage.” For visible light (and near infrared light) “the MPE is well below the exposure required to produce a minimal (or threshold) lesion. For purposes of this standard, a minimal retinal lesion is the smallest ophthalmoscopically visible change in the retina. This change is a small white patch (apparently coagulation that occurs within 24 hours of the time of exposure.)]The location along a beam path where the exposure is 10 times the MPE is at 31.6% of the NOHD. This means that at a distance of 31.6% of the NOHD, there is a 50/50 chance that an exposure will cause a minimally detectable change to the retina. We call this the ED50 (Exposure Dose 50%) distance. The diagram below color-codes a laser’s eye hazard, so red is a definite hazard, yellow is a potential hazard, and green is not considered to be hazardous.

Click on the chart to see it larger.For all lasers of this type, the ED50 distance (marked “50/50” on the chart) is 31.6% of the Nominal Ocular Hazard Distance. As you can see from the yellow-green and green areas, the NOHD concept includes a built-in “safety margin.”

The FAA is not only concerned with pilots’ eye safety. They also are concerned with safe but too-bright lasers. Effects such as temporary flashblindness, glare and distraction can interfere with pilots’ vision and performance.

Sensitive Zone Exposure Distance: The beam is bright enough to cause temporary vision impairment, from the source to this distance. Beyond this distance, the beam is 100μW/cm^2 or less (below 100 microwatts per square centimeter).

Critical Zone Exposure Distance: The beam is bright enough to cause a distraction interfering with critical task performance, from the source to this distance. Beyond this distance, the beam is 5 μW/cm^2 or less (below 5 microwatts per square centimeter).

“Laser-Free” Exposure Distance: Beyond this distance, the beam is dim enough that it is not expected to cause a distraction. This light level is 50 nW/cm^2 or less (below 50 nanowatts or 0.5 microwatts per square centimeter).

The SZED is generally taken to be the flashblindness distance, the CZED is used as the glare distance, and the LFED is considered to be the distraction distance.

This bar chart shows the NOHD (black) and visual interference distances (red, orange and yellow) for two 800 mW, 1.5 mrad lasers. They both have the same NOHD since the output power is the same. However, one laser emits green light. The human eye is more sensitive to green, so it is a visual hazard at a greater distance than an equivalent blue laser.

For the blue laser, the flashblindness hazard (385 ft) is shorter than the NOHD (437 ft). This is due to the deep blue light not being sensed well by the eye’s retina. All of the laser power is going onto the retina -- that’s why both the green and blue lasers have the same NOHD of 437 ft. But the blue light is not seen well, so it can only flashblind up to 385 ft. In this case, the NOHD is more important. A person getting the direct beam in their eye should be farther than 437 ft, if possible.

To calculate the NOHD, you need to know the laser’s power in milliwatts (mW) and the beam divergence in milliradians (mrad). For NOHD calculations, the wavelength (color) does not matter.

If you know the power in watts, multiply by 1000 to get the power in milliwatts. For example, a 1 watt laser is the same as 1000 mW; a 1.5 watt laser is the same as 1500 mW.

The NOHD equation below is derived from FAA’s Advisory Circular 70-1, which in turn derived it from an equation in the ANSI Z136.1 laser safety standard. The ANSI equation was re-expressed by the FAA in a simpler form and to put the answer in feet. The equation makes some simplifying assumptions which are valid for continuous-wave visible lasers at aircraft distances. Use this equation ONLY for visible continuous-wave lasers (not pulsed lasers).

ED50distancein feet= NOHD ÷ 3.16. Definition: At the ED50distance there is a 50/50 chance of causing a minimally detectable retinal lesion, under laboratory conditions.

EXAMPLE 1: In the U.S., lasers sold as pointers must be less than 5 mW. A typical divergence is 1 milliradian. What is the Nominal Ocular Hazard Distance? The 50/50 injury chance distance?

Answer:The Nominal Ocular Hazard Distance of a 5 mW laser pointer with 1 mrad divergence is 51.9 feet. The ED50 distance means that if a person is 16.4 feet from the laser and is exposed under laboratory conditions (the laser and eye are fixed relative to each other), there is a 50/50 chance of causing a minimally detectable retinal lesion.

EXAMPLE 2a:One of the most controversial lasers is the “Spyder III Arctic” made by the company Wicked Lasers. This is sold as a 1 watt laser. The manufacturer says the beam divergence is 1.5 milliradians. What are the NOHD and the ED50 distances?

Answer: It reduces the NOHD by 51.7 feet and the ED50 distance by 16.3 feet. Although the reduction in power is 20% (200 mW less power compared to 1000 mW), the reduction in NOHD is 10.5% (51.7 feet out of 489 feet). The ED50 distance is also reduced by 10.6% (16.3 feet out of 154.7 feet).

To calculate the visual interference distances, you need to know the laser’s power in milliwatts, the beam divergence in milliradians, and the color (from which we determine the Visual Correction Factor).

Use the wavelength information below to determine the Visual Correction Factor, or VCF. This is done because the human eye has a different sensitivity to certain colors. We see green light as much brighter than an equivalent amount of red or blue light. The VCF takes this into account. Here are the FAA’s VCF values for the lasers most likely to be encountered by pilots:

Green 532 nm,VCF = 0.8802. The majority of green laser pointers and handhelds currently (2017) sold to consumers. However, 520 nm pointers (VCF = 0.7092) are becoming more affordable and popular. If you do not know which green was used in an incident, assume 532 nm (VCF = 0.8802).

Red 633 nm,VCF = 0.2382. Use this for most red diodes and helium-neon lasers. A 635 nm diode will have a slightly lower VCF (0.2202). If a laser is known to be red, but the exact type or wavelength is not known use a value of 0.2382.

Blue 445 nm,VCF = 0.0305. This is a very popular blue. The original source is diodes taken from Casio “Green Slim” laser projectors. This type of diode is used in the Wicked Lasers Spyder III Arctic and similar blue handhelds.

Green 555 nm,VCF = 1.0. Worst case -- use for ultra-conservative calculations when the wavelength is not known and you want to ensure even the brightest possible color is taken into account.Red 670 nm,VCF = 0.0321. A deeper red used in laser pointers, usually older or cheaper ones

This means that a 5 mW laser pointer could cause temporary flashblindness up to 245 feet, could cause glare up to 1,096 feet, and could be a distraction to a pilot up to a distance of 10,961 feet (2.1 miles).

For all consumer red lasers, if we don’t know the wavelength we use the worst-case common red which is 633 nanometers. This has a Visual Correction Factor of 0.2382.

The green laser is 3.6952 times more visible (compare the VCFs of 0.8802 and 0.2382). However the green laser’s visual interference distances are only 1.922 times longer than the red laser’s (compare the LFED of 10,961.2 feet with 5,702.2 feet). In fact the difference is exactly the square root of 3.6952 (1.922 is the square root of 3.6952).

This shows how if you have two equivalent lasers, except one is a different color, the brighter laser’s visual interference distance will be greater by the square root of the difference in the Visual Correction Factors.

EXAMPLE 3:Compare the NOHD and visual interference distances for a Spyder III Arctic laser. Use the actual output power of 800 mW and the manufacturer’s divergence of 1.5 milliradians.

Recall that the NOHD does NOT depend on the wavelength. However, we do need to know the wavelength to determine the visual interference distances. From Wicked Lasers’ website, we see that the Arctic model emits blue light with a wavelength of 445 nanometers. This has a Visual Correction Factor of 0.0305.

Notice that for this laser, the flashblindness distance of 384.9 feet is actually less than the eye hazard distance (NOHD) of 437.3 feet. This is because the human eye sees blue light poorly -- in this case, only 3% as well as the brightest green light. Although the laser may not appear dazzlingly bright, it still could be an eye hazard to a person within the NOHD. For this reason, you should not allow access within the SZED — the person would still be within the NOHD. You must set the SZED to be the same as the NOHD. (If you were filling out the FAA Advisory Circular 70-1 “Laser Configuration Worksheet,” you would be required to enter “Less than NOHD” in the SZED space.)

Easy Haz software, free online version from Kentek’s Laser Safety U. To use this, you may need to understand scientific notation. Also, results are returned in meters.

Free Laser Hazard Distance safety calculator app for iPhone, iPod Touch and iPad. This app also gives the laser beam’s spot size at the NOHD. The publisher, James Stewart of LVR Limited, has additional low-cost laser safety apps available from the iOS App Store.

Professional programs such as Eazy Haz LSO Edition and Skyzan are available for more complex situations. A search for “laser safety software” can find these programs.

If you are a member of the International Laser Display Association, you can use ILDA’s free online Skyzan professional laser hazard calculator. Here is a sample ILDA Skyzan report for a multi-color (RGB) laser light show taking into account light haze in the atmosphere and restricted beam angles (click screenshot to enlarge):

We’ve covered some tips and tricks on creating great PowerPoint slides here, but what about actually delivering the presentation? There are many details to consider, from traditional public speaking techniques to technological elements you can include to engage your audience.

One of those elements is the laser pointer in PowerPoint 2013/2016. During your slideshow, you can easily turn your mouse cursor into a laser pointer graphic permanently or temporarily with just a few easy steps.

To convert your mouse into a laser pointer throughout the entire presentation, once you’re in slide show mode, click the pen icon and select Laser Pointer.

To temporarily convert your mouse into a laser pointer, once you’re in slideshow mode, press and hold your Ctrlkey and click the left button of your mouse. As long as you keep your mouse button clicked, your cursor will be a laser pointer.

To record your laser pointer movements while you’re recording your slide show, make sure the Narrations, ink, and laser pointer box is checked when you choose to record from the beginning or the current slide.

Tip: The red laser pointer can only be used on the projector. The green laser pointer can be used on the projector and the LCD monitor, so pay attention to the selection.

The Logitech® professional presenter R800 has a wireless range of up to 100 feet with a unique green laser pointer. It also features a long battery life, easy-to-use controls and an LCD screen. Plug-and-play technology doesn"t require software installation, which makes it easy to set up.

Capture everyone"s attention in bright rooms with the 522542 nm green light, class 2 laser pointer. The intuitive button location and smooth control contours make it easy to hold and use, helping presenters focus more on giving engaging performances.

With a 2.4 GHz wireless range of up to 100 feet, presenters can move throughout the crowd with ease. Don"t worry about the remote dying with a battery life of up 1,050 hours when used as a presenter or 20 hours when using the laser pointer Logitech R800 function. The LCD screen displays the time, battery life and wireless reception distance with the option to set vibrating alerts to help presenters focus on their speech or talk.

No software installation is necessary, making this an easy-to-use, plug-and-play device. All you need is a USB port to plug in the presentation remote and a Windows® operating system, including Vista, 7, 8, 10 or later. The presenter also requires two AAA batteries, which are included.

System RequirementUSB PortDimensions & WeightWeight0.5Package ContentsPackage Contents• Logitech Professional Presenter • Wireless mini receiver • 2 AAA batteries • Carrying case • User documentationAdditional InformationDate First AvailableOctober 12, 2019

Promotions Now’s expansive collection of promotional laser pointers and pocket lights include top quality single and multifunction models that can easily fit into any type of budget. We have laser pointer combinations that include pens, highlighters, styluses, rulers and even book lights, but for customers who like to keep it simple, we have basic pocket lights and one-click laser pointers as well. Choose the product you think is best for you and we will add your custom imprint, screen printed or laser engraved, and make it completely one-of-a-kind.

Customized pocket lights and laser pointers are useful for teachers and lecturers from grade schools to universities, presenters in marketing and advertising or professionals who need to read or work in the dark. You could even use them to keep your cat busy from time to time! Trust us, cats love to chase that little red light! Whatever reason you have for handing out laser pointers with your logo at your next event, you can be sure they will help you get a positive reaction and all the brand exposure you are hoping for.

Order pocket lights with your logo right here on our easy to navigate and secure website and have one of our promotions experts send you a custom art proof right away or call to let them help you over the phone instead. Our friendly team of experts are standing by to help you choose the laser pointer or pocket like that is right for you, answer all of your questions and walk you through your order with ease. We are happy to do all of the work, so you don’t have to.

Different from the usual red color of lasers, Canon’s product made use of a different one that is capable of giving better performance. It uses green light which is eight times more powerful than others. This can effectively work even if you often move because of its 100-foot range. It is compatible with Apple and Microsoft systems, too.

Holding it is not a problem as it is designed to be lightweight. It also allows you to set alerts whenever you want to track the duration of your presentation displayed on its LCD screen. This is suitable for those who always have time-bound delivery of presentations.

Aside from Canon PR10-G Wireless Presentation Remote, Doosl Upgraded Remote Laser Pointer Presentation is a good choice for a green laser pointer. It gives a very vibrant register of color green that can be seen on a screen.

Pointing at a screen is now made more efficient because of its 330-foot range. Thanks to its green-colored laser that works much better than red ones in terms of visibility.

Yes, green laser pointers are better than the usual red ones because they have rich-colored beams. Even if you point it into the skies at night, the color is still visible, making this suitable for any presentation. It is also calming to the eyes because of the color’s vibrance.

Various colors of laser pointers are already available today like blue and violet. As much as the color red is considered classic, you should consider two more important factors: visibility and sight-friendly features. Fortunately, green laser pointers offer these to you for better presentations.

The most visible color is green at 555 nanometers. The majority of green laser pointers available to consumers discharge 532 nanometers of light (i.e., 88% as bright) which works just enough. In general, it is more visible to human eyes than the color red is capable of.

Regardless of the lighting in the room, you can never go wrong with choosing green laser pointers as they adapt to any lighting conditions. This assures that everyone looking at the monitor can see what you are highlighting and pointing at.

Apart from the key elements of effective presentation skills, considering what laser pointer to use should not be overlooked. It can make or break your presentation. Thus, be careful of choosing the right one that fits all the things you are looking for.

The best presentation laser pointers in this article can guide you in choosing the perfect one for you. If you ever decide to get one, maximize its use. After all, laser pointers are meant to be used to better communicate with your audience.

For more resources to develop your public speaking skills while you are in the comforts of your own home, please check out the article ‘Online Resources for Public Speaking‘. If you would like to leverage the best presentation software for your next big speaking engagement please read the article "Best Presentation Technology tools".

Colorblindness is not a total loss of color vision. Colorblind people can recognize a wide ranges of colors. But certain ranges of colors are hard to distinguish.

The frequency of colorblindness is fairly high. One in twelve Caucasian (8%), one in 20 Asian (5%), and one in 25 African (4%) males are so-called "red-green" colorblind. It is commoner than AB blood group.

There are always colorblind people among the audience and readers. There should be more than TEN colorblinds in a room with 250 people. If you design a facility or industrial product that will be used by 10,000 people, 400 of them would be colorblinds. (assuming 50% male and 50% female.)

When preparing your presentations (papers, slides, documents, advertisements, web pages etc.) as well as public facilities and industrial products, please take this into account. Here are some comments on how to make figures and presentations colorblind friendly.

1Choose color schemes that can be easily identified by people with all types of color vision, in consideration with the actual lighting conditions and usage environment.

2Use not only different colors but also a combination of different shapes, positions, line types and coloring patterns, to ensure that information is conveyed to all users including those who cannot distinguish differences in color.

There is a good chance that the paper you submit may go to colorblind reviewers. Supposing that your paper will be reviewed by three white males (which is not unlikely considering the current population in science), the probability that at least one of them is colorblind is whopping 22%!

In the fluorescent double-staining micrographs, DNA chips, etc, do not use the combination of red and green. Use magenta (purple) and green instead.(example)

For micrographs with triple or more channels, additionally show either greyscale picture of each channel , or the combination of most important t