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LCD display doesn’t operate the same way as CRT displays , which fires electrons at a glass screen, a LCD display has individual pixels arranged in a rectangular grid. Each pixel has RGB(Red, Green, Blue) sub-pixel that can be turned on or off. When all of a pixel’s sub-pixels are turned off, it appears black. When all the sub-pixels are turned on 100%, it appears white. By adjusting the individual levels of red, green, and blue light, millions of color combinations are possible

The pixels of the LCD screen were made by circuitry and electrodes of the backplane. Each sub-pixel contains a TFT (Thin Film Transistor) element.  These structures are formed by depositing various materials (metals and silicon) on to the glass substrate that will become one part of the complete display “stack,” and then making them through photolithography. For more information about TFT LCDs, please refer to “

The etched pixels by photolith process are the Native Resolution. Actually, all the flat panel displays, LCD, OLED, Plasma etc.) have native resolution which are different from CRT monitors

Although we can define a LCD display with resolution, a Full HD resolution on screen size of a 15” monitor or a 27” monitor will show different. The screen “fineness” is very important for some application, like medical, or even our cell phone. If the display “fineness” is not enough, the display will look “pixelized” which is unable to show details.

PPI stands for number of pixels per inch. It is kind of pixel density. PPI describes the resolution of a digital image, not a print. PPI is used to resize images in preparation for printing

But you see other lower resolution available, that is because video cards are doing the trick. A video card can display a lower LCD screen resolution than the LCD’s built-in native resolution. The video cards can combine the pixels and turn a higher resolution into lower resolution, or just use part of the full screen. But video cards can’t do the magic to exceed the native resolution.

The small size of the simple calculator is suitable for your business and travel use. The digital lightweight calculator with even weight distribution makes for comfortable calculations while using on the desktop or in your hand. Our pocket-size calculators are perfect for school, office, and on-the-go use. This electronic calculator with two-way power, solar and AA battery (included), and auto power-off function. Solar-powered calculator can run on battery and solar power, it supports constant use throughout your day every day.

Its convenient design is easy to carry around or can work as a desktop calculator. With its 8-digital display, legible screen, and large script it can be clearly read by everyone. The calculator’s strong plastic computing keyboard and bouncy key buttons are durable, comfortable to push and has swift responses. It features comprehensive counting, mathematical functions, automatic tax keys, and a clear screen display for easy and accurate reading. This will improve your work efficiency. Each solar-powered calculator"s LCD display has an angled flat panel that minimizes glare from overhead lights

The small size of the simple calculator makes it hand friendly and is ideal for when you are traveling. The 4-function lightweight calculator is made in modern fun colors to add some joy when used. Our pocket-size calculators are perfect for school, office, and on-the-go use. The solar-powered calculator is intended for worldwide use including teachers, professors, home school educators, hobbyists, and professionals in health and science-related fields. This calculator is the best gift for elementary school students.

and a screen the image will also increase. If your projector has a zoom lens, the lens can be adjusted to change the size of the screen image without changing

the distance of the projector. Since each projector lens is different, an online projection calculator tool will help you calculate the size of an image

The power consumption of computer or tv displays vary significantly based on the display technology used, manufacturer and build quality, the size of the screen, what the display is showing (static versus moving images), brightness of the screen and if power saving settings are activated.

Click calculate to find the energy consumption of a 22 inch LED-backlit LCD display using 30 Watts for 5 hours a day @ $0.10 per kWh. Check the table below and modify the calculator fields if needed to fit your display.

LED & LCD screens use the same TFT LCD (thin film transistor liquid crystal display) technology for displaying images on the screen, when a product mentions LED it is referring to the backlighting. Older LCD monitors used CCFL (cold cathode fluorescent) backlighting which is generally 20-30% less power efficient compared to LED-backlit LCD displays.

In general we recommend LED displays because they offer the best power savings and are becoming more cheaper. Choose a display size which you are comfortable with and make sure to properly calibrate your display to reduce power use. Enable energy saving features, lower brightness and make sure the monitor goes into sleep mode after 5 or 10 minutes of inactivity. Some research studies also suggest that setting your system themes to a darker color may help reduce energy cost, as less energy is used to light the screen. Also keep in mind that most display will draw 0.1 to 3 watts of power even if they are turned off or in sleep mode, unplugging the screen if you are away for extended periods of time may also help.

The type of display used in a calculator depended on the technology available at the time, the cost of the display, the power consumption of the display if being used in a portable machine, and the legibility of the display.

The cold-cathode display tubes of an Anita 1011LSI calculator in use. Note also the small neon lamps used to indicate the decimal point (the third from the right is energised).

Cold-cathode display tubes were developed in the early 1950s and were used in the first electronic desktop calculator, the Anita Mk VII of 1961. Requiring high voltages and having a high power consumption they continued to be used into the early 1970s in AC powered calculators. Their use in battery powered calculators is rare; one example is the Anita 1011B LSI.

The cost of a Burroughs Nixie tube in 1971 was about $2 each for lots of 10,000, which made them very competitive. However their size, high power and voltage requirements were

each digit, and required less manual assembly during manufacture and so was cheaper per digit. It also made more efficient use of space so that more digits could be packed into a smaller size. Although more common in

Above is a Burroughs "Panaplex" display in use in a Keystone 88 hand-held calculator of about 1974. The digits are larger than those of LED displays of the time.

for hand-held calculators that offers large characters in a small, inexpensive package should give light-emmitting-diode displays a run for their money. At least that"s what Burroughs Corp. hopes to do with the latest addition to its Panaplex II line, an eight-digit model with each digit measuring 0.2 inch—twice the size of the most popular LED display, says Burroughs" Electronic Components division.

The latest models in the Panaplex II line, which includes panels with 0.25-, 0.4-, and 0.7-in. digits, comes close to the magic dollar-a-digit figure—Burroughs quotes a price of $1.10 per digit in quantities of 50,000 eight-digit monolithic displays.

This eight-digit panel, furthermore, measures 2.65 in. long, 0.69 in. high, and is only 0.197 in. thick—not including the tubulation projecting from the rear, a relic of the process of evacuating the individual digit tubes and filling them with neon gas.

The panel is also quite economical in its power dissipation. It requires only 0.35 to 3.0 milliwatts per segment, depending on the brightness needed, and typically will use less than 1 mw per segment. This corresponds to a maximum of 7 mw per digit or 56 mw for the entire panel, when everything is lighted; but on the average, perhaps no more than five digits of five segments each are on, reducing the average dissipation to 5 mw per digit or 25 mw for the panel. At this rate, four standard carbon-zinc batteries, AA size, would last about 200 hours.

In one test, Burroughs engineers purchased a small calculator and replaced its LED display with the new Panaplex unit. This reduced the calculator"s total power requirements for display and computation from 800 mw to 350 mw.

In most hand-held calculators made with metal-oxide-semiconductor circuits, no interface drivers are necessary. Even though the Panaplex II panels are 170-volt gas-discharge devices, their anodes can be driven with voltage swings and current that conventional MOS circuits can provide—sometimes even through passive components instead of transistors.

Like Nixies, the Panaplex panels emit an orange-red light, which is spread over a relatively broad part of the visible spectrum and is centered near the middle of the perception range of the human eye. Therefore, the panels can be viewed continuously for long periods without discomfort, and are not difficult for color-blind persons to read, as are some bright-red LED displays, which cover a narrow spectral range."

Above is another, less common, amber gas-discharge display showing the digits "12345678". This example is made by NEC (Nippon Electric Company) and is in a Sanyo ICC-809 hand-held calculator.

The cathode ray tube has been in use since the 1920s and was commonly used until recently in televisions, radar displays, and oscilloscopes. Its first use in a desktop calculator was in the Friden EC-130 (early 1964) and EC-132 (with square root).

Although CRTs can display several lines of a calculation they are bulky and have high power requirements, which restricted their use to a few AC powered desktop calculators of the mid to late 1960s.

Each digit makes use of 7 separate filaments arranged in the familiar pattern so that all numbers 0 to 9 can be displayed. Very few calculators used this type of display which can easily

problem in an AC-powered calculator), short operating life, and a slow response. They were only used in a handful of AC powered desk calculators in the late 1960s early 1970s.

In June 1967 the journal "Electronics" reported that Japanese calculator manufacturers were battling the high royalties that Burroughs Corporation was asking when they produced copies of

and the Ise Electronics Co. These individual "Digitron" tubes were used first in the Sharp Compet CS-16A calculator, launched at the end of 1967, and can also be seen in the Sharp QT-8D, Sharp EL-8 and other Sharp calculators manufactured around 1970. The early VFD tubes used in Sharp calculators produce very stylised digits as shown below:

Here the number "123.4567" is being displayed. Note that the calculator electronics do not implement leading-zero suppression and so the half-height zero is used to make the display more

might be present in the tubes of a calculator it was often left unused, which has little effect on the readability of the "4" and simplifies the electronics.

The Royal IC-130 desktop calculator is unusual since it has first-generation tubes with 10-segment digits. These extra segments are not used in this calculator to display digits, but could be used to display the "+" sign.

The next development, the second-generation, was to reduce costs and overall size of the display by squeezing all the digits into one long horizontal tube. These tubes were widely used in early hand-held calculators.

were very widely used in both desktop and hand-held calculators. However, from the mid-1970s VFDs started to be replaced in hand-held calculators by Liquid Crystal Displays (LCDs) which used much less power and so gave

VFDs continue to be used to this day in calculators, video recorders, Hi-Fi systems, and other equipment where the display glows. These displays are quite bright and their power/voltage requirements

The LED (Light Emitting Diode) display appeared commercially in the late 1960s. American Calculator Corp., of Dallas, announced the first use of LED displays in a calculator in late 1970. "Electronics" journal stated

Being based on semiconductor materials, the LED display is very compatible with calculator integrated circuits and has a moderately low power consumption.

characters. With large scale production the price rapidly reduced. The small character size was alleviated by placing moulded plastic magnifying lenses in front, as can be seen below, however this gives a narrow viewing

The LED eventually lost out to the Liquid Crystal Display (LCD, see below) which has a much lower power consumption (it is passive and does not emit light) and has a larger size at little extra cost.

Liquid Crystal Displays (LCDs) were developed in the late 1960s and early 1970s. Thomson-CSF of France was one company involved in their development and demonstrated a calculator with a 16-digit LCD

The first successful use of LCD displays in calculators were in models made by Rockwell for Lloyds (Accumatic 100), Rapid Data (Rapidman 1208LC), and Sears in 1972. These use DSM (Dynamic Scattering Mode) LCDs where the liquid crystal is normally clear but turns opaque white when a voltage is

The true COS calculator has a circuit board which is made of a glass-like ceramic, as shown on the left, viewed from the rear of the calculator. The LCD display is formed directly

The main board is made of a glass ceramic with the DSM LCD formed under another sheet of glass. The glass circuit board is noteworthy in that there are no holes in it for mounting components; they are all surface-mounted. Conductors are printed on both sides of the circuit board and are covered with a white layer. Connections between the conductors on both side of the circuit board are made by the connector at lower right and the small conventional circuit board attached at lower left.

The use of the glass-like ceramic circuit board was a dead-end in the development of calculators and the COS technology was only used in a small number of Sharp calculator models of the mid-1970s. Subsequent models from Sharp with

LCD displays have conventional circuit boards, though the LCD display modules have a similar construction to the display section on the glass circuit boards.

LCDs have the great advantage of very low power consumption since they are passive displays, altering the reflection of ambient light rather than actively generating light. However, a DSM LCD does require a small current to

When LCDs were first introduced in calculators there was a lot of discussion about the stability of the early liquid crystal material. This may be justified since calculators with DSM LCDs often have defective displays, though

region appears black. Since the TN LCD is a field-effect device the current consumption is extremely small, which is highly desirable for a battery-powered calculator.

Calculators with early TN LCDs usually have a yellow filter in front to remove Ultra Violet (UV) rays from the ambient light which might damage the liquid crystal.

Second-generation LCD. An example of a TN LCD with black digits and a yellow background - the yellow is actually a filter in front of the display to absorb damaging Ultra Violet light and prolong

generation LCDs are used for the displays of modern hand-held calculators and in conjunction with modern integrated circuit techniques result in calculators running for years on one button cell or just on solar power.

During the late 1960s and 1970s there was much discussion about the best type of display for calculators, especially as new technologies were introduced and the resulting economies of scale led to price

However, around 1967 Japanese calculator manufacturers were in dispute with Burroughs Corp., the patent holders of the Nixie tube technology, over the amount of royalties to be paid for using the tubes[2]. Burroughs wanted a royalty of about 45 cents a tube, whereas the Japanese manufacturers wanted to pay no more than about 16 cents per tube. This

Although more expensive than the numeric display tube the LED had the advantages of small size, low voltage, and lower power consumption, which made it very suitable for the newly

appearing miniature pocket calculators. Although expensive at first, the price of LEDs soon dropped as production quantities increased and competitors entered the market. Within a year or two of their introduction in

calculators in 1971 they were used extensively in hand-held calculators until the late 1970s when they were largely replaced by liquid crystal displays (LCDs).

the TN (Twisted Nematic) type. Then there was no stopping the LCD and by 1978/9 it dominated the hand-held calculator market and allowed credit card-sized calculators to be produced.