tft lcd panel pinout factory

TFT-LCD technology is based on semiconductor IC manufacturing processes, and is unique in that it uses glass substrates rather than traditional silicon wafers. For the TFT manufacturing process, thin film formation, such as CVD and PVD processes, is a very important part. The ODF process has been developed for the assembly of color filters and TFT substrates, and is used in large size LCDs.

First of all, the movement and arrangement of liquid crystal molecules need electrons to drive, so in the carrier of liquid crystal – TFT glass, there must be able to conduct the part to control the movement of liquid crystal, here will use ITO (Indium TIn Oxide, transparent conductive metal) to do this thing. ITO is transparent, also known as thin film conductive crystal so that it will not block the backlight.

The different arrangement of liquid crystal molecules and the rapid movement changes to ensure that each pixel accurately display the corresponding color, and the image changes precisely and quickly, which requires precision control of the liquid crystal molecules. ITO film requires special processing, as if printed circuitry on a PCB board, drawing conductive lines throughout the LCD board.

For array panels with back-channel etched TFT structure.The main process can be divided into 5 steps (5 lightings) according to the sequence of the layers to be made and the interrelationship between the layers.

The process includes: PECVD triple layer continuous film formation, island lithography, island dry lithography and other processes. After these processes, the final amorphous silicon island for TFT is formed on the glass substrate. The graphics obtained after the process is completed are shown in the following figure.

Specific processes include: S/D metal layer sputtering into a film, S/D lithography, S/D wet lithography, channel dry lithography and other processes. After these processes, the source, drain, channel and data lines of the TFT are finally formed on the glass substrate. At this point, the TFT has been produced. The graphics obtained after the process is completed are shown in the following figure.

The process includes PECVD, photolithography, and dry lithography of vias. After these processes, the final TFT channel protective insulation layer and guide through the hole are formed on the glass substrate. The graphics obtained after the process is completed are shown in the following figure.

Color filters can be produced by various methods; photolithography is a typical method. In photolithography, color filters are produced by exposing a glass substrate coated with a photographic color resist through a photomask. The resist is hardened to form the RGB pattern of the LCD.

When making LCD panels it is impossible to produce them one by one, which is too inefficient, so multiple pieces are processed at once and separated by cutting.

Actually, the monitors 20 year ago were CRT (Cathode Ray Tube) displays, which requires a large space to run the inner component. And now the screen here in your presence is the LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) screen.

As mentioned above, LCD is the abbreviation of Liquid Crystal Display. It’s a new display technology making use of the optical-electrical characteristic of liquid crystal.

STN LCD: STN is for Super-twisted Nematic. The liquid crystal in STN LCD rotate more angles than that in TN LCD, and have a different electrical feature, allowing STN LCD to display more information. There are many improved version of STN LCD like DSTN LCD (double layer) and CSTN LCD (color). This LCD is used in many early phones, computers and outdoor devices.

TFT LCD: TFT is for Thin Film Transistor. It’s the latest generation of LCD technology and has been applied in all the displaying scenario including electronic devices, motor cars, industrial machines, etc. When you see the word ‘transistor’, you may realize there’s integrated circuits in TFT LCD. That’s correct and the secret that TFT LCD has the advantage of high resolution and full color display.

In a simple way, we can divide TFT LCD into three parts, from bottom to top they are: light system, circuit system and light and color control system.In manufacturing process, we’ll start from inner light and color control system and then stretch out to whole module.

It’s accustomed to divide TFT LCD manufacturing process into three main part: array, cell and module. The former two steps are about the production of light and color control system, which contains TFT, CF (color filter) and LC (liquid crystal), named a cell. And the last step is the assembly of cell, circuit and light system.

Now let’s turn to the production of TFT and CF. Here is a common method called PR (photoresist) method. The whole process of PR method will be demonstrated in TFT production.

The present invention relates to a method of manufacturing a TFT array panel for a LCD. More particularly, the selective deposition and photo-resist lift-off techniques are used to implement the method of manufacturing a TFT-LCD array panel. By using the method for manufacturing a TFT-LCD array panel according to present invention, it can reduce and shorten the manufacturing process.

Liquid crystal displays have the advantages of small volume, light weight, low power consumption, low radiation, excellent image quality, broad applications, and are widely applied in the consumer electronic products or computer products, such as medium to small portable TVs, mobile phones, camcorders, notebook computers, desktop computers and projection TVs, etc. However, the mass cost causing from manufacturing LCDs is a key for the development in the LCD field. In order to overcome the cost problem, most companies and producers focus on the issue of reducing manufacturing cost. The biggest portion of the total cost in a LCD is on the manufacturing process of the TFT-LCD array panel. According to above description, the present invention is to provide a method for simplifying the TFT-LCD array panel manufacturing process. Further, it can achieve the cost reduction thereto shorten the manufacturing process.

According to the conventional method for manufacturing a TFT-LCD array panel, the layout of the panel circuit has to be implemented through at least four masking processes. However, the more masking processes, the more manufacturing costs. In other words, it means the more exposing lithography and etching processes need to be processed. The steps can cause serious effect on the reliability of the components. Therefore, the present invention is to provide a method for manufacturing a TFT-LCD array panel. More particularly, the method uses a selective deposition process to implement. The metal wire can be formed by using the selective deposition process. The process with circuit layout can alternate the conventional technique which of using more masking process to form the metal wire with multi-layer. It, therefore, can simplify and shorten the manufacturing process.

Besides, the metal deposition and photo-resist lift-off steps are further used in the consequent process of the transmission line. By using the present invention, it provides a method of manufacturing a TFT-LCD array panel. Further, it can avoid the damage risk in the operational channel while performing an etching process.

It is an object of the present invention to provide a method for manufacturing a TFT-LCD array panel. More particularly, a selective deposition method is used herein. It can reduce the numbers of masking processes thereto implement the growth of the low resistance metal wire.

It is another object of the present invention to provide a method of manufacturing a TFT-LCD array panel. More particularly, a lift-off technique is used in the method, and also applied in the manufacture of any metal conducting layer. The present invention can be illustrated as shown in the growth of the second metal wire. This can, therefore, reduce the cost of etching process. Furthermore, it can avoid the damage risk in the operational channel while performing etching process.

More, one of the main objects of the present invention is to provide the circuit of a TFT-LCD array panel. More particularly, the conducting metal layer is formed by using a low-resistance metal. It can improve the RC delay effect while happening in a big area panel.

The present invention is to provide a method for manufacturing a TFT-LCD array panel. Please referring to FIG. 1 a, it is one of the preferred embodiments of the present invention showing a metal conducting wiring layout. In the first masking process, a transparent conducting electrode material is formed on the substrate 10, and the gate electrode 21, a transparent conducting electrode 23, and a storage capacitor electrode 22 are defined. Then, the graph of the transparent conducting electrode and the layouts of the gate electrode and the storage capacitor electrode are independent. According to the character of connection between the gate electrode and the storage capacitor electrode, the selective deposition method is used to deposit a low-resistance metal or a multi-layer metal wiring layer with metal diffusion passivation. The deposited metal material herein is composed of the low resistance metal, such as Al, Cu, Ag, Mo, Cr, Ti, W, or other alloy materials. The selective deposition method uses the selective conducting current to deposit the low-resistance metal on the right position of the gate electrode, the storage capacitor electrode. Therefore, it does not require extra masking process to define the first metal wire. The transparent conducting electrode layer can be made of ITO or IZO.

Finally, the fourth masking process is discussed herein. The passivation layer 70 of the deposition component can be made of SiO2or silicon nitride. Please referring to FIG. 1 i, the passivation layer is shown herein. In the final masking process, the liquid crystal contact window 24 is formed to implement the TFT-LCD array panel according to the present invention as shown in FIG. 1 j.

For further description, the present invention is to provide a method of manufacturing a TFT-LCD array panel. The method can be applied in the pixel electrode circuit of a TFT-LCD array panel. Please referring to FIG. 2, it presents the circuit layout of the pixel electrode. It comprises a transparent conducting electrode 23, a gate electrode 21, and a storage capacitor electrode 22. Also, they are formed on the substrate 10 in the first masking process. Then, using the selective sputtering method deposits the first metal wires 211, 221. Further, the contact window of the transparent conducting electrode is implemented in the in the second masking process. More, the depositions of the second metal wires 63 64, 65 are implemented in the third masking process. Finally, the deposition of the passivation layer 70 is implemented for forming a pixel electrode.

Furthermore, the present invention relates to a method of manufacturing a TFT-LCD array panel. The transparent conducting metal layer is defined in the first masking process. More, the low-resistance gate electrode, the metal wiring layout of the storage capacitor electrode is implemented by the selective deposition method.

Further, the present invention provides a method of manufacturing a TFT-LCD array panel, wherein the metal wire of the second layer is as a hard mask to process in the operational channel, and does not require extra masking process to implement.

When compared to the ordinary LCD, TFT LCD gives very sharp and crisp picture/text with shorter response time. TFT LCD displays are used in more and more applications, giving products better visual presentation.

TFT is an abbreviation for "Thin Film Transistor". The colorTFT LCD display has transistors made up of thin films of Amorphous silicon deposited on a glass. It serves as a control valve to provide an appropriate voltage onto liquid crystals for individual sub-pixels. That is why TFT LCD display is also called Active Matrix display.

A TFT LCD has a liquid crystal layer between a glass substrate formed with TFTs and transparent pixel electrodes and another glass substrate with a color filter (RGB) and transparent counter electrodes. Each pixel in an active matrix is paired with a transistor that includes capacitor which gives each sub-pixel the ability to retain its charge, instead of requiring an electrical charge sent each time it needed to be changed. This means that TFT LCD displays are more responsive.

To understand how TFT LCD works, we first need to grasp the concept of field-effect transistor (FET). FET is a type of transistor which uses electric field to control the flow of electrical current. It is a component with three terminals: source, gate, and drain. FETs control the flow of current by the application of a voltage to the gate, which in turn alters the conductivity between the drain and source.

Using FET, we can build a circuit as below. Data Bus sends signal to FET Source, when SEL SIGNAL applies voltage to the Gate, driving voltage is then created on TFT LCD panel. A sub-pixel will be lit up. A TFT LCD display contains thousand or million of such driving circuits.

Topway started TFT LCD manufacturing more than15 years ago. We produce color TFT LCD display from 1.8 to 15+ inches with different resolutions and interfaces. Here is some more readings about how to choose the right TFT LCD.

TFT displays are full color LCDs providing bright, vivid colors with the ability to show quick animations, complex graphics, and custom fonts with different touchscreen options. Available in industry standard sizes and resolutions. These displays come as standard, premium MVA, sunlight readable, or IPS display types with a variety of interface options including HDMI, SPI and LVDS. Our line of TFT modules include a custom PCB that support HDMI interface, audio support or HMI solutions with on-board FTDI Embedded Video Engine (EVE2).

General Specification Product Pictures 4.3 inch TFT LCD with 540*960 High Resolution 4.3 inch High Resolution TFT LCD with Portrait Mode and MIPI Interface

General Specification NMLCD-43480272-CTP-CLB-IPS is a 4.3 inch IPS type TFT LCD with Capacitive Touch and Cover Lens Bezel, with 480*272 resolution. The touch panel is driven by FT5446. This...

General Specification NMLCD-43480272-IPS is a 4.3 inch IPS type TFT LCD, with 480*272 resolution. This product accords with RoHS. Product Pictures 4.3 inch IPS Type TFT LCD with WQVGA Resolution...

General Specification NMLCD-43480272-RTP-IPS is a 4.3 inch IPS type TFT LCD with a Resistive Touch, with 480*272 resolution. This product accords with RoHS. Product Pictures 4.3 inch IPS Type TFT...

General Specification This product is a 4.3"" color active matrix LCD module incorporating amorphous silicon TFT (Thin Film Transistor). It is composed of color TFT-LCD panel, driver IC,...

General Specification NMLCD-43480272-CTP-IPS is a 4.3 inch IPS type TFT LCD with a Capacitive Touch Panel which is 1:1 scale with the LCD module, with 480*272 resolution. This product accords with...

General Specification The NMLCD-43M15 is a color active matrix thin film transistor (TFT) liquid crystal display (LCD) that uses amorphous silicon TFT as a switching device. It is composed of a...

General Specification This type is a 4.3"" 480*272 full view angle TFT LCD with a Capacaitive Touch Panel with full bonding. Product Picture 4.3"" TFT LCD with Capacitive Touch...

General Specification NMLCD-43800480-IPS-850 is a TFT LCD with all view angle with high brightness. It is composed of a colour TFT-LCD panel, driver IC, FPC and a back light unit and with/without...

NMLCD-43480272-SB is a colour active matrix LCD module incorporating amorphous silicon TFT (Thin Film Transistor). It is composed of a colour TFT-LCD panel, driver IC, FPC...

Asia has long dominated the display module TFT LCD manufacturers’ scene. After all, most major display module manufacturers can be found in countries like China, South Korea, Japan, and India.

In this post, we’ll list down 7 best display module TFT LCD manufacturers in the USA. We’ll see why these companies deserve recognition as top players in the American display module industry.

STONE Technologies is a leading display module TFT LCD manufacturer in the world. The company is based in Beijing, China, and has been in operations since 2010. STONE quickly grew to become one of the most trusted display module manufacturers in 14 years.

Now, let’s move on to the list of the best display module manufacturers in the USA. These companies are your best picks if you need to find a display module TFT LCD manufacturer based in the United States:

Planar Systems is a digital display company headquartered in Hillsboro, Oregon. It specializes in providing digital display solutions such as LCD video walls and large format LCD displays.

Microtips Technology is a global electronics manufacturer based in Orlando, Florida. The company was established in 1990 and has grown into a strong fixture in the LCD industry.

What makes Microtips a great display module TFT LCD manufacturer in the USA lies in its close ties with all its customers. It does so by establishing a good rapport with its clients starting from the initial product discussions. Microtips manages to keep this exceptional rapport throughout the entire client relationship by:

Displaytech is an American display module TFT LCD manufacturer headquartered in Carlsbad, California. It was founded in 1989 and is part of several companies under the Seacomp group. The company specializes in manufacturing small to medium-sized LCD modules for various devices across all possible industries.

The company also manufactures embedded TFT devices, interface boards, and LCD development boards. Also, Displaytech offers design services for embedded products, display-based PCB assemblies, and turnkey products.

Displaytech makes it easy for clients to create their own customized LCD modules. There is a feature called Design Your Custom LCD Panel found on their site. Clients simply need to input their specifications such as their desired dimensions, LCD configuration, attributes, connector type, operating and storage temperature, and other pertinent information. Clients can then submit this form to Displaytech to get feedback, suggestions, and quotes.

A vast product range, good customization options, and responsive customer service – all these factors make Displaytech among the leading LCD manufacturers in the USA.

Products that Phoenix Display offers include standard, semi-custom, and fully-customized LCD modules. Specifically, these products comprise Phoenix Display’s offerings:

Clients flock to Phoenix Display because of their decades-long experience in the display manufacturing field. The company also combines its technical expertise with its competitive manufacturing capabilities to produce the best possible LCD products for its clients.

True Vision Displays is an American display module TFT LCD manufacturing company located at Cerritos, California. It specializes in LCD display solutions for special applications in modern industries. Most of their clients come from highly-demanding fields such as aerospace, defense, medical, and financial industries.

The company produces several types of TFT LCD products. Most of them are industrial-grade and comes in various resolution types such as VGA, QVGA, XGA, and SXGA. Clients may also select product enclosures for these modules.

All products feature high-bright LCD systems that come from the company’s proprietary low-power LED backlight technology. The modules and screens also come in ruggedized forms perfect for highly-demanding outdoor industrial use.

LXD Incorporated is among the earliest LCD manufacturers in the world. The company was founded in 1968 by James Fergason under the name International Liquid Xtal Company (ILIXCO). Its first headquarters was in Kent, Ohio. At present, LXD is based in Raleigh, North Carolina.

We’ve listed the top 7 display module TFT LCD manufacturers in the USA. All these companies may not be as well-known as other Asian manufacturers are, but they are equally competent and can deliver high-quality display products according to the client’s specifications. Contact any of them if you need a US-based manufacturer to service your display solutions needs.

We also briefly touched on STONE Technologies, another excellent LCD module manufacturer based in China. Consider partnering with STONE if you want top-of-the-line smart LCD products and you’re not necessarily looking for a US-based manufacturer. STONE will surely provide the right display solution for your needs anywhere you are on the globe.

Showcase high quality graphics and images on our 800 x 480 7” TFT display! The DT070CTFT LCD module is an upgraded version to our DT070ATFT module. Compared to the previous model, this new 7 inch display offers improved viewing angle and brighter LEDs. The DT070CTFT also uses the Himax HX8264E + HX8664B display drivers. This LCD display is available with a resistive or capacitive touchscreen panel.

We have thousands of standard products that are in stock and available from our Seattle, WA and Hong Kong warehouses to support fast product development and preproduction without MOQ. The stock covers TN, STN LCD display panels, COB, COG character LCD display, graphic LCD display, PMOLED, AMOLED display, TFT display, IPS display, high brightness and transflective, blanview sunlight readable display, super high contrast ratio display, lightning fast response displays, efficient low power consumption display, extreme temperature range display, HMI display, HDMI display, Raspberry Pi Display, Arduino display, embedded display, capacitive touch screen, LED backlight etc.  Customers can easily purchase samples directly from our website to avoid time delays with setting up accounts and credit terms and shipping within 24 hours.

Many of our customers require customized OEM display solutions.  With over two decades of experience, we apply our understanding of available display solutions to meet our customer’s requirements and assist from project concept to mass production. Using your ideas and requirements as a foundation, we work side by side with you to develop ideas/concepts into drawings, build prototypes and to final production seamlessly. In order to meet the fast changing world, we can provide the fastest turnaround in the industry, it takes only 3-4 weeks to produce LCD panels samples and 4-6 weeks for LCD display module, TFT LCD, IPS LCD display, and touch screen samples. The production time is only 4-5 weeks for LCD panels and 5-8 weeks for LCD display module, TFT LCD, IPS LCD display, and touch screen.

Orient Display sunlight readable TFT displays can be categorized into high brightness TFT displays, high contrast IPS displays, transflective TFT displays, Blanview TFT displays etc.

The brightness of our standard high brightness TFT displays can be from 700 to 1000 nits. With proper adding brightness enhancement film (BEF) and double brightness enhancement film (DBEF) and adjustment of the LED chips, Orient Display high brightness TFT products can achieve 1,500 to 2,000 nits or even higher luminance. Orient Display have special thermal management design to reduce the heat release and largely extend LED life time and reduce energy consumption.

Our high contrast and wide viewing angle IPS displays can achieve contrast ratio higher than 1000:1 which can make readability under strong sunlight with lower backlight luminance. High brightness IPS displays have been widely accepted by our customers with its superb display quality and it has become one of the best sellers in all our display category.Transflective display is an old monochrome display technology but it has been utilized in our color TFT line for sunlight readable application. Orient Display has 2.4” and 3.5” to choose from.

Blanview TFT displays are the new technology developed by Ortustech in Japan. It can provide around 40% of energy consumption for TFT panels which can use smaller rechargeable or disposable batteries and generate less heat. The price is also lower than traditional transflective TFT displays. Orient Display is partnering with the technology inventor to provide 4.3” and 5.0”.

Touch panels have been a much better human machine interface which become widely popular. Orient Display has been investing heavy for capacitive touch screen sensor manufacturing capacity. Now, Orient Display factory is No.1 in the world for automotive capacitive touch screen which took around 18% market share in the world automotive market.

Based on the above three types of touch panel technology, Orient Display can also add different kinds of features like different material glove touch, water environment touch, salt water environment touch, hover touch, 3D (force) touch, haptic touch etc. Orient Display can also provide from very low cost fixed area button touch, single (one) finger touch, double finger (one finger+ one gesture) touch, 5 finger touch, 10 points touch or even 16 points touch.

Considering the different shapes of the touch surface requirements, Orient Display can produce different shapes of 2D touch panel (rectangle, round, octagon etc.), or 2.5D touch screen (round edge and flat surface) or 3D (totally curved surface) touch panel.

Considering different strength requirements, Orient Display can provide low cost chemical tampered soda-lime glass, Asahi (AGC) Dragontrail glass and Corning high end Gorilla glass. With different thickness requirement, Orient Display can provide the thinnest 0.5mm OGS touch panel, to thickness more than 10mm tempered glass to prevent vandalizing, or different kinds of plastic touch panel to provide glass piece free (fear) or flexible substrates need.

Of course, Orient Display can also offer traditional RTP (Resistive Touch Panel) of 4-wire, 5-wire, 8-wire through our partners, which Orient Display can do integration to resistive touch screen displays.

High Level Interfaces: Orient Display has technologies to make more advanced interfaces which are more convenient to non-display engineers, such as RS232, RS485, USB, VGA, HDMI etc. more information can be found in our serious products. TFT modules, Arduino TFT display, Raspberry Pi TFT display, Control Board.

A thin-film-transistor liquid-crystal display (TFT LCD) is a variant of a liquid-crystal display that uses thin-film-transistor technologyactive matrix LCD, in contrast to passive matrix LCDs or simple, direct-driven (i.e. with segments directly connected to electronics outside the LCD) LCDs with a few segments.

In February 1957, John Wallmark of RCA filed a patent for a thin film MOSFET. Paul K. Weimer, also of RCA implemented Wallmark"s ideas and developed the thin-film transistor (TFT) in 1962, a type of MOSFET distinct from the standard bulk MOSFET. It was made with thin films of cadmium selenide and cadmium sulfide. The idea of a TFT-based liquid-crystal display (LCD) was conceived by Bernard Lechner of RCA Laboratories in 1968. In 1971, Lechner, F. J. Marlowe, E. O. Nester and J. Tults demonstrated a 2-by-18 matrix display driven by a hybrid circuit using the dynamic scattering mode of LCDs.T. Peter Brody, J. A. Asars and G. D. Dixon at Westinghouse Research Laboratories developed a CdSe (cadmium selenide) TFT, which they used to demonstrate the first CdSe thin-film-transistor liquid-crystal display (TFT LCD).active-matrix liquid-crystal display (AM LCD) using CdSe TFTs in 1974, and then Brody coined the term "active matrix" in 1975.high-resolution and high-quality electronic visual display devices use TFT-based active matrix displays.

The circuit layout process of a TFT-LCD is very similar to that of semiconductor products. However, rather than fabricating the transistors from silicon, that is formed into a crystalline silicon wafer, they are made from a thin film of amorphous silicon that is deposited on a glass panel. The silicon layer for TFT-LCDs is typically deposited using the PECVD process.

Polycrystalline silicon is sometimes used in displays requiring higher TFT performance. Examples include small high-resolution displays such as those found in projectors or viewfinders. Amorphous silicon-based TFTs are by far the most common, due to their lower production cost, whereas polycrystalline silicon TFTs are more costly and much more difficult to produce.

The twisted nematic display is one of the oldest and frequently cheapest kind of LCD display technologies available. TN displays benefit from fast pixel response times and less smearing than other LCD display technology, but suffer from poor color reproduction and limited viewing angles, especially in the vertical direction. Colors will shift, potentially to the point of completely inverting, when viewed at an angle that is not perpendicular to the display. Modern, high end consumer products have developed methods to overcome the technology"s shortcomings, such as RTC (Response Time Compensation / Overdrive) technologies. Modern TN displays can look significantly better than older TN displays from decades earlier, but overall TN has inferior viewing angles and poor color in comparison to other technology.

Most TN panels can represent colors using only six bits per RGB channel, or 18 bit in total, and are unable to display the 16.7 million color shades (24-bit truecolor) that are available using 24-bit color. Instead, these panels display interpolated 24-bit color using a dithering method that combines adjacent pixels to simulate the desired shade. They can also use a form of temporal dithering called Frame Rate Control (FRC), which cycles between different shades with each new frame to simulate an intermediate shade. Such 18 bit panels with dithering are sometimes advertised as having "16.2 million colors". These color simulation methods are noticeable to many people and highly bothersome to some.gamut (often referred to as a percentage of the NTSC 1953 color gamut) are also due to backlighting technology. It is not uncommon for older displays to range from 10% to 26% of the NTSC color gamut, whereas other kind of displays, utilizing more complicated CCFL or LED phosphor formulations or RGB LED backlights, may extend past 100% of the NTSC color gamut, a difference quite perceivable by the human eye.

The transmittance of a pixel of an LCD panel typically does not change linearly with the applied voltage,sRGB standard for computer monitors requires a specific nonlinear dependence of the amount of emitted light as a function of the RGB value.

In-plane switching was developed by Hitachi Ltd. in 1996 to improve on the poor viewing angle and the poor color reproduction of TN panels at that time.

Most panels also support true 8-bit per channel color. These improvements came at the cost of a higher response time, initially about 50 ms. IPS panels were also extremely expensive.

In 2004, Hydis Technologies Co., Ltd licensed its AFFS patent to Japan"s Hitachi Displays. Hitachi is using AFFS to manufacture high end panels in their product line. In 2006, Hydis also licensed its AFFS to Sanyo Epson Imaging Devices Corporation.

Less expensive PVA panels often use dithering and FRC, whereas super-PVA (S-PVA) panels all use at least 8 bits per color component and do not use color simulation methods.BRAVIA LCD TVs offer 10-bit and xvYCC color support, for example, the Bravia X4500 series. S-PVA also offers fast response times using modern RTC technologies.

A technology developed by Samsung is Super PLS, which bears similarities to IPS panels, has wider viewing angles, better image quality, increased brightness, and lower production costs. PLS technology debuted in the PC display market with the release of the Samsung S27A850 and S24A850 monitors in September 2011.

TFT dual-transistor pixel or cell technology is a reflective-display technology for use in very-low-power-consumption applications such as electronic shelf labels (ESL), digital watches, or metering. DTP involves adding a secondary transistor gate in the single TFT cell to maintain the display of a pixel during a period of 1s without loss of image or without degrading the TFT transistors over time. By slowing the refresh rate of the standard frequency from 60 Hz to 1 Hz, DTP claims to increase the power efficiency by multiple orders of magnitude.

Due to the very high cost of building TFT factories, there are few major OEM panel vendors for large display panels. The glass panel suppliers are as follows:

External consumer display devices like a TFT LCD feature one or more analog VGA, DVI, HDMI, or DisplayPort interface, with many featuring a selection of these interfaces. Inside external display devices there is a controller board that will convert the video signal using color mapping and image scaling usually employing the discrete cosine transform (DCT) in order to convert any video source like CVBS, VGA, DVI, HDMI, etc. into digital RGB at the native resolution of the display panel. In a laptop the graphics chip will directly produce a signal suitable for connection to the built-in TFT display. A control mechanism for the backlight is usually included on the same controller board.

The low level interface of STN, DSTN, or TFT display panels use either single ended TTL 5 V signal for older displays or TTL 3.3 V for slightly newer displays that transmits the pixel clock, horizontal sync, vertical sync, digital red, digital green, digital blue in parallel. Some models (for example the AT070TN92) also feature input/display enable, horizontal scan direction and vertical scan direction signals.

New and large (>15") TFT displays often use LVDS signaling that transmits the same contents as the parallel interface (Hsync, Vsync, RGB) but will put control and RGB bits into a number of serial transmission lines synchronized to a clock whose rate is equal to the pixel rate. LVDS transmits seven bits per clock per data line, with six bits being data and one bit used to signal if the other six bits need to be inverted in order to maintain DC balance. Low-cost TFT displays often have three data lines and therefore only directly support 18 bits per pixel. Upscale displays have four or five data lines to support 24 bits per pixel (truecolor) or 30 bits per pixel respectively. Panel manufacturers are slowly replacing LVDS with Internal DisplayPort and Embedded DisplayPort, which allow sixfold reduction of the number of differential pairs.

The bare display panel will only accept a digital video signal at the resolution determined by the panel pixel matrix designed at manufacture. Some screen panels will ignore the LSB bits of the color information to present a consistent interface (8 bit -> 6 bit/color x3).

With analogue signals like VGA, the display controller also needs to perform a high speed analog to digital conversion. With digital input signals like DVI or HDMI some simple reordering of the bits is needed before feeding it to the rescaler if the input resolution doesn"t match the display panel resolution.

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