duet lcd touch screen manufacturer

If you travel with a laptop and iPad, you need this app. I needed a second screen, but Duet gives me even more. Full gesture support, customizable shortcuts, Touch Bar, tons of resolution options, and very little battery power. How is this all in one app?

I just love this app. Especially when I am travelling for work an working from the company branches. Then I use my iPad as second monitor for Outlook, Lync and other chat while I use the laptop big screen for remote desktop to my workstation at the main office. :)

As head of an NGO, I travel a great deal to remote places around the world. It is very difficult to be productive, as power and internet availability are often a challenge. However when I am able to set up, Duet works like charm to improve productivity.

The PanelDue is a full-colour touch-sensitive graphical control panel for 3D printers. Although primarily intended for use with Duet electronics, it also works with other 3D printer electronics that supports a true serial port and includes the required support in the firmware, for example RADDS. Both RepRapFirmware and Repetier firmware support PanelDue.

The images are taken by David Crocker. Some show the board on the bottom, one with the control board on the side. The display is not supplied, unless you select an LCD option above.

If you use a ribbon cable to connect a PanelDue v3 to a version 1.01or later Duet 2 Wifi board, or a Duet 2 Ethernet board, then it will providepower to the PanelDue board and the display. So if the distance betweenthe Duet and PanelDue is short enough, you can use the ribbon cable anddispense with the 4-way cable. Caution: a long ribbon cable may preventPT100 and thermocouple daughter boards from working, because they sharethe same SPI bus. Also a ribbon cable may not work well with the 7"display unless it is very short, due to voltage drop in the cable.

Version 3 does not usually lose its settings when you upgrade thefirmware. However, it will lose its settings if you install firmwarewith a different screen type to the one supported by the previousfirmware. This is intentional.

The V3 board is in theory programmable via the serial interface fromthe Duet. However, this also means that you need to disconnect it fromthe Duet in order to program it via USB.

The length of the 4-way cable is not critical, however the resistance per conductor should not exceed 0.1 ohm. The SD card socket on the TFT panel will not be functional. The cables supplied by Escher3D and Duet3D are about 800mm long. There have been reports of cables up to 1500mm long being successfully used. Take care to route the cable away from motor and endstop cables. Twisting the cables may help prevent cross talk interference.

A PanelDue can be connected to connector IO_0 using a 4-core cable wired like the one shown in the images below. The 4-wire cable supplied with the PanelDue has a 4-way Molex KK connecter on each end, but is supplied with a 5-way Molex KK connector for use with Duet 3. You will need to rewire one end. The 4-wire cable does not allow access to the SD card socket on the PanelDue.

Older versions of the Duet 2 WiFi/Ethernet need both the 4-wire and ribbon cable to be plugged in to use the TFT Panel and the SD card socket, when connecting PanelDue v2.0 or v3.0.

Use a 4-core cable terminated in a Molex KK or compatible connector at the PanelDue end and a 2x4 Dupont-style connector at the Duet end. This plugs into the end of the expansion connector. See https://miscsolutions.wordpress.com/pane....

The Duet 3 MB6HC has no PanelDue_SD socket. To use the external SD card, it requires RRF 3.4 or later, and a special wiring scheme; see "Duet 3 MB6HC using ribbon cable" section below.

Connect a 10-way ribbon cable between socket X5 on the PanelDue and socket CONN_SD (Duet 2) or PanelDue_SD (Duet 3). The connector is a standard 10 pin 2 row 2.54mm pitch box connector that accepts IDC connectors for 1.27mm ribbon cable.

Caution: if you are using a thermocouple and/or PT100 daughter board, the use of long ribbon cables between the Duet and PanelDue may affect communication between the Duet and the daughter boards, because the ribbon cable connection to the SD card on PanelDue uses the same SPI bus as the daughter boards.

Although the Duet 3 MB6HC does not have a connector for the PanelDue ribbon cable, if access to the SD card on PanelDue is required then this is possible using a special wiring arrangement. You must use RepRapFirmware 3.4 or later, and you must enable the external SD card using this command:

The card detect signal (CD) is used to tell the Duet whether a card is inserted or not. Non-integrated versions of PanelDue (V2, V3) and older versions of PanelDue 5i and 7i (v1.0 of the 5i and v2.0 of the 7i) do not provide a card detect signal.

Duet 2 boards do not support the card detect signal on the external SD card, so can never tell whether a card is inserted or not except by trying to read it, and can"t detect a card being removed. No modifications are required connected older or newer PanelDue, or other external SD card adapters, to Duet 2 boards.

Duet 3 boards do support the card detect signal. Newer versions of the PanelDue 5i and 7i (v1.01 and later of the 5i and v2.01 and later of the 7i) provide this signal.

However, if you use a non-integrated versions of PanelDue or older versions of PanelDue 5i and 7i with Duet 3, it is necessary to ground the card detect signal, or the firmware will permanently think no card is inserted. There are a number of ways to achieve this.

On the Duet 3 Mini 5+ you can ground the card detect signal by bridging pins 2 and 4 of the EXP2 connector as shown here. The firmware will see the SD card as always being present.

Generally it is best to run the latest version of the PanelDue firmware that is supported by the RepRapFirmware version on your Duet mainboard. See: Installing and Updating PanelDue Firmware

From RRF v3.2, PanelDue firmware releases are co-ordinated with the RRF release, and share the same version number. Use the PanelDue firmware version that matches your Duet mainboard"s firmware version.

The PanelDue also iterates the heaters from the first defined heater to the last, including all heaters in between, whether defined or not. This means if you have a heater defined on H0 (bed) and one on H5 (Duex output), it will show all the ones in between, eg H0, H1, H2, H3, H4 and H5. For an example, see |https://forum.duet3d.com/post/136207|this forum post|. Ideally, configure heaters on consecutive heater connections.

These restrictions are largely removed in later versions of the PanelDue firmware. However, they will require you to update RepRapFirmware on your Duet mainboard.

You can use the external SD card socket on the LCD panel if you have used a ribbon cable as described above. Please note, the SPI interface provided by this SD card socket is much slower than the on-board SD card socket built into the Duet. Therefore we recommend that you do not upload files to this card over the network. Use the external SD card socket only if you want to write files to the SD card on a PC and then move the SD card to your printer.

You will need to make a custom 5-way cable using this table of connections. For the PanelDue 1.1, the X5 connector pins are numbered from the bottom end of the connector (the end close to the X5 legend). On the Duet 0.6 and 0.8.5 you need RepRapFirmware 1.17d or later to get support for the second SD card.

SD signal namePanelDue 1.1 X5 pin #PanelDue 2.0 X5 pin #Duet 2 signal nameDuet 2 CONN_SD pin #Duet 0.6/0.8.5 signal nameDuet 0.6/0.8.5 Expansion pinDueX4 Expansion1 pin

There are two types of controller chip commonly used in these controllers: ST7920 and ST7567. Some Duets support one or both of these types - see below for details. Both types use a menu system stored on the SD card, see 12864 display menu system.

Duet 3 Mini provides two 2x5 ribbon cable headers for connecting a Fysetc 12864 Mini Panel version 1.2 or 2.1 (not 2.0) or compatible ST7567-based controller. When using a version 2.1 controller, the colours of the three Neopixel LEDs built into the display can be set using the M150 command with LED type parameter X2.

We do not recommend connecting a 12864 display with ST7920 controller to the Duet 3 Mini because the 3.3V signals provided by the Duet 3 Mini do not meet the specifications of the ST7920 controller chip when it is powered from 5V. If you do wish to try it, you will most likely have to reduce the clock frequency (M918 F parameter) to get it working at all, and it may not work reliably. Also, note that when configured for 12864 display with ST7920 controller, RRF provides the CS signal on the pin normally uses for A0 because that more closely matched the pinout of typical 12864/ST7920 displays.

The Duet 2 Maestro provides two 2x5 ribbon cable headers for a 12864 display using ST7920 controller. The connector pinout is compatible with the original RepRapDiscount design. There is also more information in this thread: https://forum.duet3d.com/topic/7609/conf....

RepRapFirmware 3.2 and later support a 12864 display using ST7567 controller. RepRapFirmware 3.3 added support for a short string of Neopixels on Duet WiFi and Ethernet, so boards that use a Neopixel for the backlight should be able to be controlled. See this thread on the forum for more details.

We do not recommend connecting a 12864 display with ST7920 controller because the 3.3V signals provided by the Duet 2 WiFi/Ethernet do not meet the specifications of the ST7920 controller chip when it is powered from 5V. If you do wish to try it, you will most likely have to reduce the clock frequency (M918 F parameter) to get it working at all, and it may not work reliably.

Use the pins +5V, GND, IO_0_OUT and IO_0_IN on the IO_0 header (Duet 3), or +5V, GND, TX and RX on the PanelDue header (Duet 2). These should be connected to +5V, GND, TX and RX on the TFT, making sure that TX and RX are swapped.

The PanelDue 7i is a color touchscreen controller for the Duet and other 3D-printing electronics that support it. This integrated version is a custom-made high-quality 7 inch TFT LCD panel from a leading manufacturer, with the PanelDue controller by David Crocker integrated on the LCD"s PCB.

3. Do not bend the cable. During installation and testing, make sure the LCD cable is not bent. Curvatures greater than 90 degrees will result in a black view.

4. If your phone has a black screen during installation, press and hold the power key and volume key at the same time. If the phone vibrates, it"s because the mainline is not installed properly. Then reinstall the product.

5. If you are not professional in maintenance, or have no experience in repairing electronic equipment, we do not recommend you to replace the screen by yourself. Take it to a repair shop for help to save you time and money. Or find the relevant installation video on the YouTube platform and follow the installation steps to install.

Installing any Duet3D controller board in a 3D printer is a fantastic upgrade that every hacker and tinkerer should experience at some point. Duet mainboards are powerful and feature-rich, but controlling the machine still requires a network-connected computer or directly connected device via USB. Adding a PanelDue touchscreen makes the power of a Duet board available at the machine, regardless of network connectivity or computer availability. Never be disconnected from your 3D printer again with an integrated PanelDue touchscreen.

Every maker is a unique individual with specific needs, and therefore not every 3D printer is exactly the same. For those who choose to upgrade their hardware with high-performance components, the Duet3D platform of mainboards and accessories is a great choice. The Duet controller boards all have direct connectivity to any of their PanelDue touchscreens, which are available in both 5 and 7-inch variants to suit any maker"s needs. Both are 800x480 resolution, the 7 inch simply offers a larger display. Each PanelDue connects to the mainboard via a 4-pin cable that is provided and has a dedicated connection point on the Duet board.

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The PanelDue is a colour touch screen controller for the Duet and other 3D-printing electronics that support it. This integrated version is a custom-made high-quality 7" TFT LCD panel from a leading manufacturer, with the PanelDue controller by David Crocker integrated on the 7 inch LCD"s PCB. Features:-

The PanelDue 5i and 7i are colour touch screen controllers for the Duet and other 3D-printing electronics that support it. This integrated version is a custom-made high-quality 5 inch or 7 inch TFT LCD panel from a leading manufacturer, with the PanelDue controller by David Crocker integrated on the LCD"s PCB. Features:-

Lenovo 10 Duet Chromebook LCD Touchscreen Digitizer ModuleTested, fully functional, and ready to replace your defective part. As always, the price shown includes fast and free shipping.

A touchscreen or touch screen is the assembly of both an input ("touch panel") and output ("display") device. The touch panel is normally layered on the top of an electronic visual display of an information processing system. The display is often an LCD, AMOLED or OLED display while the system is usually used in a laptop, tablet, or smartphone. A user can give input or control the information processing system through simple or multi-touch gestures by touching the screen with a special stylus or one or more fingers.zooming to increase the text size.

The touchscreen enables the user to interact directly with what is displayed, rather than using a mouse, touchpad, or other such devices (other than a stylus, which is optional for most modern touchscreens).

Touchscreens are common in devices such as game consoles, personal computers, electronic voting machines, and point-of-sale (POS) systems. They can also be attached to computers or, as terminals, to networks. They play a prominent role in the design of digital appliances such as personal digital assistants (PDAs) and some e-readers. Touchscreens are also important in educational settings such as classrooms or on college campuses.

The popularity of smartphones, tablets, and many types of information appliances is driving the demand and acceptance of common touchscreens for portable and functional electronics. Touchscreens are found in the medical field, heavy industry, automated teller machines (ATMs), and kiosks such as museum displays or room automation, where keyboard and mouse systems do not allow a suitably intuitive, rapid, or accurate interaction by the user with the display"s content.

Historically, the touchscreen sensor and its accompanying controller-based firmware have been made available by a wide array of after-market system integrators, and not by display, chip, or motherboard manufacturers. Display manufacturers and chip manufacturers have acknowledged the trend toward acceptance of touchscreens as a user interface component and have begun to integrate touchscreens into the fundamental design of their products.

The prototypeCERNFrank Beck, a British electronics engineer, for the control room of CERN"s accelerator SPS (Super Proton Synchrotron). This was a further development of the self-capacitance screen (right), also developed by Stumpe at CERN

One predecessor of the modern touch screen includes stylus based systems. In 1946, a patent was filed by Philco Company for a stylus designed for sports telecasting which, when placed against an intermediate cathode ray tube display (CRT) would amplify and add to the original signal. Effectively, this was used for temporarily drawing arrows or circles onto a live television broadcast, as described in US 2487641A, Denk, William E, "Electronic pointer for television images", issued 1949-11-08. Later inventions built upon this system to free telewriting styli from their mechanical bindings. By transcribing what a user draws onto a computer, it could be saved for future use. See US 3089918A, Graham, Robert E, "Telewriting apparatus", issued 1963-05-14.

The first version of a touchscreen which operated independently of the light produced from the screen was patented by AT&T Corporation US 3016421A, Harmon, Leon D, "Electrographic transmitter", issued 1962-01-09. This touchscreen utilized a matrix of collimated lights shining orthogonally across the touch surface. When a beam is interrupted by a stylus, the photodetectors which no longer are receiving a signal can be used to determine where the interruption is. Later iterations of matrix based touchscreens built upon this by adding more emitters and detectors to improve resolution, pulsing emitters to improve optical signal to noise ratio, and a nonorthogonal matrix to remove shadow readings when using multi-touch.

The first finger driven touch screen was developed by Eric Johnson, of the Royal Radar Establishment located in Malvern, England, who described his work on capacitive touchscreens in a short article published in 1965Frank Beck and Bent Stumpe, engineers from CERN (European Organization for Nuclear Research), developed a transparent touchscreen in the early 1970s,In the mid-1960s, another precursor of touchscreens, an ultrasonic-curtain-based pointing device in front of a terminal display, had been developed by a team around Rainer Mallebrein[de] at Telefunken Konstanz for an air traffic control system.Einrichtung" ("touch input facility") for the SIG 50 terminal utilizing a conductively coated glass screen in front of the display.

In 1972, a group at the University of Illinois filed for a patent on an optical touchscreenMagnavox Plato IV Student Terminal and thousands were built for this purpose. These touchscreens had a crossed array of 16×16 infrared position sensors, each composed of an LED on one edge of the screen and a matched phototransistor on the other edge, all mounted in front of a monochrome plasma display panel. This arrangement could sense any fingertip-sized opaque object in close proximity to the screen. A similar touchscreen was used on the HP-150 starting in 1983. The HP 150 was one of the world"s earliest commercial touchscreen computers.infrared transmitters and receivers around the bezel of a 9-inch Sony cathode ray tube (CRT).

In 1977, an American company, Elographics – in partnership with Siemens – began work on developing a transparent implementation of an existing opaque touchpad technology, U.S. patent No. 3,911,215, October 7, 1975, which had been developed by Elographics" founder George Samuel Hurst.World"s Fair at Knoxville in 1982.

In 1984, Fujitsu released a touch pad for the Micro 16 to accommodate the complexity of kanji characters, which were stored as tiled graphics.Sega released the Terebi Oekaki, also known as the Sega Graphic Board, for the SG-1000 video game console and SC-3000 home computer. It consisted of a plastic pen and a plastic board with a transparent window where pen presses are detected. It was used primarily with a drawing software application.

Touch-sensitive control-display units (CDUs) were evaluated for commercial aircraft flight decks in the early 1980s. Initial research showed that a touch interface would reduce pilot workload as the crew could then select waypoints, functions and actions, rather than be "head down" typing latitudes, longitudes, and waypoint codes on a keyboard. An effective integration of this technology was aimed at helping flight crews maintain a high level of situational awareness of all major aspects of the vehicle operations including the flight path, the functioning of various aircraft systems, and moment-to-moment human interactions.

In the early 1980s, General Motors tasked its Delco Electronics division with a project aimed at replacing an automobile"s non-essential functions (i.e. other than throttle, transmission, braking, and steering) from mechanical or electro-mechanical systems with solid state alternatives wherever possible. The finished device was dubbed the ECC for "Electronic Control Center", a digital computer and software control system hardwired to various peripheral sensors, servos, solenoids, antenna and a monochrome CRT touchscreen that functioned both as display and sole method of input.stereo, fan, heater and air conditioner controls and displays, and was capable of providing very detailed and specific information about the vehicle"s cumulative and current operating status in real time. The ECC was standard equipment on the 1985–1989 Buick Riviera and later the 1988–1989 Buick Reatta, but was unpopular with consumers—partly due to the technophobia of some traditional Buick customers, but mostly because of costly technical problems suffered by the ECC"s touchscreen which would render climate control or stereo operation impossible.

Multi-touch technology began in 1982, when the University of Toronto"s Input Research Group developed the first human-input multi-touch system, using a frosted-glass panel with a camera placed behind the glass. In 1985, the University of Toronto group, including Bill Buxton, developed a multi-touch tablet that used capacitance rather than bulky camera-based optical sensing systems (see History of multi-touch).

The first commercially available graphical point-of-sale (POS) software was demonstrated on the 16-bit Atari 520ST color computer. It featured a color touchscreen widget-driven interface.COMDEX expo in 1986.

In 1987, Casio launched the Casio PB-1000 pocket computer with a touchscreen consisting of a 4×4 matrix, resulting in 16 touch areas in its small LCD graphic screen.

Touchscreens had a bad reputation of being imprecise until 1988. Most user-interface books would state that touchscreen selections were limited to targets larger than the average finger. At the time, selections were done in such a way that a target was selected as soon as the finger came over it, and the corresponding action was performed immediately. Errors were common, due to parallax or calibration problems, leading to user frustration. "Lift-off strategy"University of Maryland Human–Computer Interaction Lab (HCIL). As users touch the screen, feedback is provided as to what will be selected: users can adjust the position of the finger, and the action takes place only when the finger is lifted off the screen. This allowed the selection of small targets, down to a single pixel on a 640×480 Video Graphics Array (VGA) screen (a standard of that time).

Sears et al. (1990)human–computer interaction of the time, describing gestures such as rotating knobs, adjusting sliders, and swiping the screen to activate a switch (or a U-shaped gesture for a toggle switch). The HCIL team developed and studied small touchscreen keyboards (including a study that showed users could type at 25 wpm on a touchscreen keyboard), aiding their introduction on mobile devices. They also designed and implemented multi-touch gestures such as selecting a range of a line, connecting objects, and a "tap-click" gesture to select while maintaining location with another finger.

In 1990, HCIL demonstrated a touchscreen slider,lock screen patent litigation between Apple and other touchscreen mobile phone vendors (in relation to

An early attempt at a handheld game console with touchscreen controls was Sega"s intended successor to the Game Gear, though the device was ultimately shelved and never released due to the expensive cost of touchscreen technology in the early 1990s.

Touchscreens would not be popularly used for video games until the release of the Nintendo DS in 2004.Apple Watch being released with a force-sensitive display in April 2015.

In 2007, 93% of touchscreens shipped were resistive and only 4% were projected capacitance. In 2013, 3% of touchscreens shipped were resistive and 90% were projected capacitance.

A resistive touchscreen panel comprises several thin layers, the most important of which are two transparent electrically resistive layers facing each other with a thin gap between. The top layer (that which is touched) has a coating on the underside surface; just beneath it is a similar resistive layer on top of its substrate. One layer has conductive connections along its sides, the other along top and bottom. A voltage is applied to one layer and sensed by the other. When an object, such as a fingertip or stylus tip, presses down onto the outer surface, the two layers touch to become connected at that point.voltage dividers, one axis at a time. By rapidly switching between each layer, the position of pressure on the screen can be detected.

Resistive touch is used in restaurants, factories and hospitals due to its high tolerance for liquids and contaminants. A major benefit of resistive-touch technology is its low cost. Additionally, as only sufficient pressure is necessary for the touch to be sensed, they may be used with gloves on, or by using anything rigid as a finger substitute. Disadvantages include the need to press down, and a risk of damage by sharp objects. Resistive touchscreens also suffer from poorer contrast, due to having additional reflections (i.e. glare) from the layers of material placed over the screen.3DS family, and the Wii U GamePad.

Surface acoustic wave (SAW) technology uses ultrasonic waves that pass over the touchscreen panel. When the panel is touched, a portion of the wave is absorbed. The change in ultrasonic waves is processed by the controller to determine the position of the touch event. Surface acoustic wave touchscreen panels can be damaged by outside elements. Contaminants on the surface can also interfere with the functionality of the touchscreen.

The Casio TC500 Capacitive touch sensor watch from 1983, with angled light exposing the touch sensor pads and traces etched onto the top watch glass surface.

A capacitive touchscreen panel consists of an insulator, such as glass, coated with a transparent conductor, such as indium tin oxide (ITO).electrostatic field, measurable as a change in capacitance. Different technologies may be used to determine the location of the touch. The location is then sent to the controller for processing. Touchscreens that use silver instead of ITO exist, as ITO causes several environmental problems due to the use of indium.complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) chip, which in turn usually sends the signals to a CMOS digital signal processor (DSP) for processing.

Unlike a resistive touchscreen, some capacitive touchscreens cannot be used to detect a finger through electrically insulating material, such as gloves. This disadvantage especially affects usability in consumer electronics, such as touch tablet PCs and capacitive smartphones in cold weather when people may be wearing gloves. It can be overcome with a special capacitive stylus, or a special-application glove with an embroidered patch of conductive thread allowing electrical contact with the user"s fingertip.

A low-quality switching-mode power supply unit with an accordingly unstable, noisy voltage may temporarily interfere with the precision, accuracy and sensitivity of capacitive touch screens.

Some capacitive display manufacturers continue to develop thinner and more accurate touchscreens. Those for mobile devices are now being produced with "in-cell" technology, such as in Samsung"s Super AMOLED screens, that eliminates a layer by building the capacitors inside the display itself. This type of touchscreen reduces the visible distance between the user"s finger and what the user is touching on the screen, reducing the thickness and weight of the display, which is desirable in smartphones.

In this basic technology, only one side of the insulator is coated with a conductive layer. A small voltage is applied to the layer, resulting in a uniform electrostatic field. When a conductor, such as a human finger, touches the uncoated surface, a capacitor is dynamically formed. The sensor"s controller can determine the location of the touch indirectly from the change in the capacitance as measured from the four corners of the panel. As it has no moving parts, it is moderately durable but has limited resolution, is prone to false signals from parasitic capacitive coupling, and needs calibration during manufacture. It is therefore most often used in simple applications such as industrial controls and kiosks.

This diagram shows how eight inputs to a lattice touchscreen or keypad creates 28 unique intersections, as opposed to 16 intersections created using a standard x/y multiplexed touchscreen .

Projected capacitive touch (PCT; also PCAP) technology is a variant of capacitive touch technology but where sensitivity to touch, accuracy, resolution and speed of touch have been greatly improved by the use of a simple form of

Some modern PCT touch screens are composed of thousands of discrete keys,etching a single conductive layer to form a grid pattern of electrodes, by etching two separate, perpendicular layers of conductive material with parallel lines or tracks to form a grid, or by forming an x/y grid of fine, insulation coated wires in a single layer . The number of fingers that can be detected simultaneously is determined by the number of cross-over points (x * y) . However, the number of cross-over points can be almost doubled by using a diagonal lattice layout, where, instead of x elements only ever crossing y elements, each conductive element crosses every other element .

In some designs, voltage applied to this grid creates a uniform electrostatic field, which can be measured. When a conductive object, such as a finger, comes into contact with a PCT panel, it distorts the local electrostatic field at that point. This is measurable as a change in capacitance. If a finger bridges the gap between two of the "tracks", the charge field is further interrupted and detected by the controller. The capacitance can be changed and measured at every individual point on the grid. This system is able to accurately track touches.

Unlike traditional capacitive touch technology, it is possible for a PCT system to sense a passive stylus or gloved finger. However, moisture on the surface of the panel, high humidity, or collected dust can interfere with performance.

These environmental factors, however, are not a problem with "fine wire" based touchscreens due to the fact that wire based touchscreens have a much lower "parasitic" capacitance, and there is greater distance between neighbouring conductors.

This is a common PCT approach, which makes use of the fact that most conductive objects are able to hold a charge if they are very close together. In mutual capacitive sensors, a capacitor is inherently formed by the row trace and column trace at each intersection of the grid. A 16×14 array, for example, would have 224 independent capacitors. A voltage is applied to the rows or columns. Bringing a finger or conductive stylus close to the surface of the sensor changes the local electrostatic field, which in turn reduces the mutual capacitance. The capacitance change at every individual point on the grid can be measured to accurately determine the touch location by measuring the voltage in the other axis. Mutual capacitance allows multi-touch operation where multiple fingers, palms or styli can be accurately tracked at the same time.

Self-capacitive touch screen layers are used on mobile phones such as the Sony Xperia Sola,Samsung Galaxy S4, Galaxy Note 3, Galaxy S5, and Galaxy Alpha.

Self capacitance is far more sensitive than mutual capacitance and is mainly used for single touch, simple gesturing and proximity sensing where the finger does not even have to touch the glass surface.

Capacitive touchscreens do not necessarily need to be operated by a finger, but until recently the special styli required could be quite expensive to purchase. The cost of this technology has fallen greatly in recent years and capacitive styli are now widely available for a nominal charge, and often given away free with mobile accessories. These consist of an electrically conductive shaft with a soft conductive rubber tip, thereby resistively connecting the fingers to the tip of the stylus.

Infrared sensors mounted around the display watch for a user"s touchscreen input on this PLATO V terminal in 1981. The monochromatic plasma display"s characteristic orange glow is illustrated.

An infrared touchscreen uses an array of X-Y infrared LED and photodetector pairs around the edges of the screen to detect a disruption in the pattern of LED beams. These LED beams cross each other in vertical and horizontal patterns. This helps the sensors pick up the exact location of the touch. A major benefit of such a system is that it can detect essentially any opaque object including a finger, gloved finger, stylus or pen. It is generally used in outdoor applications and POS systems that cannot rely on a conductor (such as a bare finger) to activate the touchscreen. Unlike capacitive touchscreens, infrared touchscreens do not require any patterning on the glass which increases durability and optical clarity of the overall system. Infrared touchscreens are sensitive to dirt and dust that can interfere with the infrared beams, and suffer from parallax in curved surfaces and accidental press when the user hovers a finger over the screen while searching for the item to be selected.

A translucent acrylic sheet is used as a rear-projection screen to display information. The edges of the acrylic sheet are illuminated by infrared LEDs, and infrared cameras are focused on the back of the sheet. Objects placed on the sheet are detectable by the cameras. When the sheet is touched by the user, frustrated total internal reflection results in leakage of infrared light which peaks at the points of maximum pressure, indicating the user"s touch location. Microsoft"s PixelSense tablets use this technology.

Optical touchscreens are a relatively modern development in touchscreen technology, in which two or more image sensors (such as CMOS sensors) are placed around the edges (mostly the corners) of the screen. Infrared backlights are placed in the sensor"s field of view on the opposite side of the screen. A touch blocks some lights from the sensors, and the location and size of the touching object can be calculated (see visual hull). This technology is growing in popularity due to its scalability, versatility, and affordability for larger touchscreens.

Introduced in 2002 by 3M, this system detects a touch by using sensors to measure the piezoelectricity in the glass. Complex algorithms interpret this information and provide the actual location of the touch.

The key to this technology is that a touch at any one position on the surface generates a sound wave in the substrate which then produces a unique combined signal as measured by three or more tiny transducers attached to the edges of the touchscreen. The digitized signal is compared to a list corresponding to every position on the surface, determining the touch location. A moving touch is tracked by rapid repetition of this process. Extraneous and ambient sounds are ignored since they do not match any stored sound profile. The technology differs from other sound-based technologies by using a simple look-up method rather than expensive signal-processing hardware. As with the dispersive signal technology system, a motionless finger cannot be detected after the initial touch. However, for the same reason, the touch recognition is not disrupted by any resting objects. The technology was created by SoundTouch Ltd in the early 2000s, as described by the patent family EP1852772, and introduced to the market by Tyco International"s Elo division in 2006 as Acoustic Pulse Recognition.

There are several principal ways to build a touchscreen. The key goals are to recognize one or more fingers touching a display, to interpret the command that this represents, and to communicate the command to the appropriate application.

Dispersive-signal technology measures the piezoelectric effect—the voltage generated when mechanical force is applied to a material—that occurs chemically when a strengthened glass substrate is touched.

There are two infrared-based approaches. In one, an array of sensors detects a finger touching or almost touching the display, thereby interrupting infrared light beams projected over the screen. In the other, bottom-mounted infrared cameras record heat from screen touches.

The development of multi-touch screens facilitated the tracking of more than one finger on the screen; thus, operations that require more than one finger are possible. These devices also allow multiple users to interact with the touchscreen simultaneously.

With the growing use of touchscreens, the cost of touchscreen technology is routinely absorbed into the products that incorporate it and is nearly eliminated. Touchscreen technology has demonstrated reliability and is found in airplanes, automobiles, gaming consoles, machine control systems, appliances, and handheld display devices including cellphones; the touchscreen market for mobile devices was projected to produce US$5 billion by 2009.

The ability to accurately point on the screen itself is also advancing with the emerging graphics tablet-screen hybrids. Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) plays a major role in this innovation due its high piezoelectric properties, which allow the tablet to sense pressure, making such things as digital painting behave more like paper and pencil.

TapSense, announced in October 2011, allows touchscreens to distinguish what part of the hand was used for input, such as the fingertip, knuckle and fingernail. This could be used in a variety of ways, for example, to copy and paste, to capitalize letters, to activate different drawing modes, etc.

For touchscreens to be effective input devices, users must be able to accurately select targets and avoid accidental selection of adjacent targets. The design of touchscreen interfaces should reflect technical capabilities of the system, ergonomics, cognitive psychology and human physiology.

Guidelines for touchscreen designs were first developed in the 2000s, based on early research and actual use of older systems, typically using infrared grids—which were highly dependent on the size of the user"s fingers. These guidelines are less relevant for the bulk of modern touch devices which use capacitive or resistive touch technology.

Much more important is the accuracy humans have in selecting targets with their finger or a pen stylus. The accuracy of user selection varies by position on the screen: users are most accurate at the center, less so at the left and right edges, and least accurate at the top edge and especially the bottom edge. The R95 accuracy (required radius for 95% target accuracy) varies from 7 mm (0.28 in) in the center to 12 mm (0.47 in) in the lower corners.

This user inaccuracy is a result of parallax, visual acuity and the speed of the feedback loop between the eyes and fingers. The precision of the human finger alone is much, much higher than this, so when assistive technologies are provided—such as on-screen magnifiers—users can move their finger (once in contact with the screen) with precision as small as 0.1 mm (0.004 in).

Users of handheld and portable touchscreen devices hold them in a variety of ways, and routinely change their method of holding and selection to suit the position and type of input. There are four basic types of handheld interaction:

Touchscreens are often used with haptic response systems. A common example of this technology is the vibratory feedback provided when a button on the touchscreen is tapped. Haptics are used to improve the user"s experience with touchscreens by providing simulated tactile feedback, and can be designed to react immediately, partly countering on-screen response latency. Research from the University of Glasgow (Brewster, Chohan, and Brown, 2007; and more recently Hogan) demonstrates that touchscreen users reduce input errors (by 20%), increase input speed (by 20%), and lower their cognitive load (by 40%) when touchscreens are combined with haptics or tactile feedback. On top of this, a study conducted in 2013 by Boston College explored the effects that touchscreens haptic stimulation had on triggering psychological ownership of a product. Their research concluded that a touchscreens ability to incorporate high amounts of haptic involvement resulted in customers feeling more endowment to the products they were designing or buying. The study also reported that consumers using a touchscreen were willing to accept a higher price point for the items they were purchasing.

Unsupported touchscreens are still fairly common in applications such as ATMs and data kiosks, but are not an issue as the typical user only engages for brief and widely spaced periods.

Touchscreens can suffer from the problem of fingerprints on the display. This can be mitigated by the use of materials with optical coatings designed to reduce the visible effects of fingerprint oils. Most modern smartphones have oleophobic coatings, which lessen the amount of oil residue. Another option is to install a matte-finish anti-glare screen protector, which creates a slightly roughened surface that does not easily retain smudges.

Touchscreens do not work most of the time when the user wears gloves. The thickness of the glove and the material they are made of play a significant role on that and the ability of a touchscreen to pick up a touch.

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